Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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Type 1 Type II Type IIIHawley Hawley SUggestEd.Judd (1Q34) (1938) De.te(s)I 4 900-950 fJII II 5 1020-1060In III 6 and 1 1050-1115IV V 9 1050-1115McEhno· IV 8 1114-1140 f?)... Vivian and Mathews f1965}"McElmo"Type IVFigure 6.2. Composite of masonry types. (faken from Lekson 1984a:Figure 2.1. Table 2.1, and Hawley 1938.)
The Classic Adaptation 201between front and rear rooms. The basic A.D. 900sground plan disappears, and Lekson (1984a:60, 69-71)asked whether people were aggregating in the greathouses at this time or whether the great housesassumed different functions. If these additions indicatedliving space, then population growth in PuebloBonito, for example, would be 2.25 percent-a numberthat is thought to be considerably higher than the0.1 to 0.5 percent that Hassen (1981) suggests isnormal, and the 0.3 percent that Hayes (1981) estimatesoverall for Chaco Canyon. Lekson thoughtthat some people still lived in the larger houses andthat there trIaY have been a deciease in srraall=sitepopUlation at this time. Construction units were builtto the same scale as during the previous period, butconstruction episodes occur more often and indicategreater labor needs.The peak of construction occurred between A.D.1075 and 1115, when six major events took place(work on the East Wing and West Wing at PuebloBonito; the addition of a third-story row of storagerooms at Penasco Blanco; the North Wing, and theSouth Wing at Pueblo del Arroyo; and the constructionofWijiji). Rooms in the massive blocks tendto be interconnected on both axes. The interior roomslook more like storage rooms (standard rectangularrooms without firepits) than domestic spaces. Thisform, plus the presence of large, round rooms (kivas)enclosed within the room block, suggest public architecture.Lekson (1984a) noted that John Stein thoughtthat this ground plan is often associated with roadrelatedstructures in the San Juan Basin. After A.D.1110, similar units in Chaco Canyon were oftenlocated near buildings with long construction histories,at termini of roads, or at strategic points ofaccess to Chaco Canyon; e.g., the three earliest greathouses, and Pueblo Alto. Lekson suggested that thisperiod represents the formalization of a regionalnetwork. Although each construction event was threeto four times larger than those in previous constructionphases, these were sequential events occurring as oneevery seven to 10 years. The yearly labor input,therefore, was only twice that of the previous period.Lekson (1984a:63) asked whether this labor investmentrepresented kin groups or regional corvee labor.Based on Lekson's (1984a:261) estimates, thelargest construction event-the East Wing of PuebloBonito (stage VIB)-wouldhaverequired 193,000 manhours. A crew of 30 could have accomplished thistask if they worked a lO-hour day, 30 days per monthfor 20.8 months, over a lO-year period that includedthree years devoted only to construction. Althoughcorvee labor would not have needed many skills to accomplishthis feat, labor would have to have beenwell-organized to schedule the cutting and transport oftimbers, quarrying of stone, and construction. Becausethese buildings had evidence for better builtwalls that would require less upkeep and many interiorrooms with restricted access, Lekson (1984a:66)considered a change in function of these great housesfrom elite residence to storage with some elite residence.He proposed that a public function was addedto these buildings. He concluded that the centralcanyon during this period was an urban, regionalcenter, which represents significant complexity withinthe larger regional system (Lekson 1984a:71). (SeeChapter 8 for a discussion of the region.)During the early A.D. lIDOs, the presence oftrash in a number of rooms at Pueblo Alto, PuebloBonito, and Chetro Ketl was interpreted as indicativeof habitation at these large sites; and there are a numberof contemporary small sites in use. The appearanceof additional storage facilities and specializedbuildings (e.g., tri-walled structures, road ramps)suggest different functions for various facilities and anincrease in the institutions present in this society.Lekson suggested that by this time the overalladministration of the larger system was alienated fromthe local elite; and a higher level of administrationbecame effective when Chaco Canyon became thecenter of a single, basin-wide entity that participatedin long-distance trade that included the importation ofmacaws and copper bells. Based on his estimatedpopulation of 2,100 to 2,700 people in the centralcanyon, Lekson recognized that this number waslarger than any documented historic pueblo and thatthe level of social complexity was probably morehierarchical than that of the historic pueblos.Unfortunately, the data from studies of architecturecannot provide more than these hints to answerquestions about social complexity.Around A.D. 1110, or 1115 to 1140, constructiondecreased to former levels. There was somebuilding at existing sites, but most of the workresulted in new sites distinguished by McElmo-stylemasonry (e.g., New Alto, Kin Kletso, Casa Chiquita,
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
Page 171 and 172: IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
Page 173 and 174: , ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
Page 175 and 176: Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
Page 177 and 178: ,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
Page 179 and 180: The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
Page 181 and 182: The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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Page 185 and 186: The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
Page 187 and 188: The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
Page 189 and 190: The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
Page 191 and 192: The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
Page 193 and 194: The Florescence 171Three road-relat
Page 195 and 196: The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
Page 197 and 198: The Florescence 175construction cou
Page 199 and 200: Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
Page 201 and 202: The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
Page 203 and 204: The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
Page 205 and 206: The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
Page 207 and 208: The Classic Adaptation 185which are
Page 209 and 210: Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
Page 211 and 212: Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
Page 213 and 214: --_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
Page 215 and 216: The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
Page 217 and 218: The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
Page 219 and 220: The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
Page 221: The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
Page 225 and 226: 340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
Page 227 and 228: The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
Page 229 and 230: Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
Page 231 and 232: The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
Page 233 and 234: The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
Page 235 and 236: The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
Page 237 and 238: The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
Page 239 and 240: Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242: The Classic Adaptation 219structure
Page 243 and 244: The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
Page 245 and 246: The Classic Adaptation 223number of
Page 247 and 248: Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
Page 249 and 250: 117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
Page 251 and 252: ~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
Page 253 and 254: The Final Years 2311964) included c
Page 255 and 256: The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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Page 261 and 262: The Final Years 239most often with
Page 263 and 264: The Final Years 241severe drought f
Page 265 and 266: The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
Page 267 and 268: Chapter EightRelated Communities in
Page 269 and 270: Related Communities 247Calendrical0
Page 271 and 272: • WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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