Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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438 Chaco Project Synthesisheated rooms, 112; historic, 322; joined cists,112; McElmo structures, 279, 293; necessarycapacity, 179; outlier, 257; public, 252, 254;puebloan, 100, 138, 163,286-287; road-related,154; slab-lined, 63; threshold for initiating,333-334, 343Struever, Mollie, 16. See also Toll, Mollie S.Stuart, David E., 124-125, 131,244,283,296subsistence strategies: adaptive phases, 339-342;available resources, 334, 335, and decreasingdiversity, 336; broad spectrum, 62, 70, andconstraints, 331; changes, 121, 124, 242, andthreshold for storage, 333-334, 343, thresholdfor horticulture, 336, and factors fordomestication, 332, 336, 340; context for com,340; duality, 289; ecological zones, 333;historic patterns, 310, 322; household sizes,333,335; hunter-gatherer, 62, 64, 93, 114, 122,280, 332; intensification factors, 332; laborthreshold, 334-335, 336; land-sharing, 327-328;mixed foraging, 62; mobility threshold, 335,336; pastoralism, 338, 344; population packing335-339; pooling consumables, 335; a scaledmeasuring device for, 332; seasonal, 62, 63,seasonal sedentism, 120, sedentism, 338; systemstates, 332. See also agriculture; horticultureTainter, Joseph A., and David "A" Gillio, 282Talus Unit, 154, 157, 160-161, 198,225,270,351,355Teacapan site, 268Tewa comparisons, 280, 281, 285Threatening Rock, 26Three C Site, 97, 112, 118, 143,355Tietjens, Janet, 301Tohatchi Banded pottery, 129Tohatchi Flats, 261Toll, H. Wolcott, III, on ceramics, 17, 211, 212,215-218, 291, and with others on ceramics,116-117, 138, 141, 156, 157, 209-211, 215,238; on social systems, 277, 279, 281, 291, 293Toll, H. Wolcott, III, et. aI., on agriculture, 35, 36,58, 179Toll,MollieS., on com, 113, 125, 179-180,273,onpollen counts, 16,41, 113, 192,287; on woodspecies, 115Toll, Mollie S., and Anne C. Cully, 95Toltec empire, 268, 271tools: abraders, 118, 169; archaic, 68, 82, 84, 93;basketmaker,99, 115-116, 118; bone tools, 118,131; cached, 138; formal tools, 116; greenstoneaxe, 115; groundstone, 62, 63, 66-67,115,118,129, 141; hafting, 63; hammerstones, 115;preceramic, 62-63, 66; puebloan, 118, 129, 134.See also projectile pointstooth transfigurement, 268Totah region, 242, 243town life. See great houses and settlementTozzer, Alfred M., 235, 299trade: archaic, 69, 84, 95; basketmaker, 117, 121,124-125; Chaco as center, 201, 264, and itemsfrom Chaco, 269; exchange events, 285; formalexchange, 275; meat, 185; Mesa Verde phase,240; outlier network, 253-255, 257, 261;pochteca, 268, 271; threshold for exchange,338; trocadores, 268trade guilds, 268trading posts, 324-325Transwestern Pipeline Survey, 95trash deposit: great/small house compared, 154-157,174-175, 201, 204, 216; population estimatesand, 190, 191; shifts in places for trash, 276tree-ring data, for architectural events, 6, 16,97, 101,152, 157, 159, 163, 181, 199, 276, on Navajosites, 301, 309; for environmental reconstruction,52-53, 55, 119,273trocadores, 268Truell, Marcia L., excavations by, 106, 141, 236,240; on structures, 99, 111-112, 122, 134, 141,143, 174, 175, 196, 197-198, 208, 286, 287,and fauna,. 291, and interior decoration, 292,and offerings, 138, 218Trujillo phase Oshara, 63T-shaped doorways, 198, 256, 270Tsin Kletzin, 98, 169, 173,204Turkey House (Roberts's Small House), 235, 238,350turkeys, 114, 226, 235, 238Turner, Christy G., II, 268Turner, Christy G., II, and Jacqueline A. Turner,264, 268, 289turquoise, cached, 138, 165; ceramic design for, 291,and importance of, 290; sources for, 18; tradenetwork and products of, 134,214-215,267-278passimTusayan Black-on-white pottery, 12829Mc183 placement, 16929Mc186 placement, 16929Mc187 placement, 16929Mc261 kiva, 288
Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ116 listed, 358; mention, 7029SJ126 listed, 358; excavation, 7029SJ178 shelter, 51, 88-8929SJ299 listed, 358; discussed, 106, 111, 112, 114,12229S1352 great kiva, 10129S1389. See Pueblo Alto29SJ423 listed, 358: artifacts, 18, 114, 116, 117,118; excavation, 101, 106, 111; great kiva, 99,117,118,218; shrine, 16529SJ424 location, 10129SJ425 iocation, lOi29SJ457 great kiva, 10129SJ515 (Headquarters No.2), 226, 35629SJ550 situation, 4629SJ597 listed, 359; excavation, 1529SJ625 (Three C Site), 97, 112, 118, 143,35529SJ626 listed, 359; discussed, 15, 114, 21529SJ626 East, 14329SJ626 West, 14329SJ627 listed, 359: cache, 218; ceramics, 216;excavation, 16, 112, 129, 134-138; shape, 122;special rooms, 196, 197, 198, 215; use, 17529SJ628 listed, 358; discussed, 106, 111, 114, 11729SJ629. See Spadefoot Toad Site29SJ633 listed, 360: architecture, 141-143, 197,236,and detecting features, 12; burials, 238;ceramics, 239; chipped stone, 240; fauna, 236,23829SJ706 placement, 16929SJ721 listed, 359; discussed, 106, 112, 11829SJ724 listed, 359: compared, 106, 114, 122, anddiscussed, 106, 112, 113, 11829SJ101O (Poco Site), 171, 172,36029SJ1118 listed, 360; excavation, 69-7029SJ1156 (Atlatl Cave), 70, 78, 84-88, 35829SJ1157 (Dune sites), 70, 78, 84-88, 35829SJ1159 mention, 8429SJ1278 mention, 13129SJ1360pithouse, 112, 131-134, 141, 197,215,28729SJ1578 placement, 16929SJ1659. See Shabik'eshchee Village29SJ 1731 masonry, 18129SJ1741 location, 18129SJ1750 location, 18129SJl752 discharge rate, 18529SJ1912 (Lizard House), 198,226,231,35629SJ1971 (Gambler's Spring), 3529SJ1974 artifact, 16929SJ2384 listed, 350; photographed, 1029SJ2385 (Turkey House), 235, 238, 35029SJ2404 construction, 15229SJ2606 dates, 30929SJ2782 dates, 309Twin Angels Pueblo, 258Una Vida listed, 355, 360: as early, 121; excavation,15, 157, 160-163, 196, 199, 204; ceremonialroom, 219; great house, 288; workshop, 215;ceramics, 225; visibility, 165; water controlfeature, 173U. S. Geoiogicai Survey, 8, 31University of Arizona, 8, 48University of Colorado, 282University of New Mexico, 4,8, 14, 17, 18,303University of Oklahoma, 16Upper Kin Kliz.~in, 258uranium mining, 13; SJBRUS, 13,57,90,91,261Utah, 62, 116, 123, 296Ute encounters, 302, 309, 323Vierra, Bradley J., 68, 95-96Vierra, Carlos, 8Vincent, Kirk, 31, 34Vivian, R. Gordon, 8, 17, 69, 97, 129, 143, 169,171; and with Paul Reiter, 163Vivian, R. Gordon, and Tom W. Mathews, on earlysites, 98; on environments, 32, 128, fauna, 43,flora, 37; on a duality of distinct people, 6, 279,and site types, 100, 196, and McElmo style,205; summary of Chaco, 4, 127, 225, and achronology for Chaco, 231Vivian, R. Gwinn, on agriculture, 8, 35, 57, andwater control, 173-174, 181-182, 273, 289,292, and water needs, 185; on artifacts, 160; ondividing eras, 240, 262-264; on environment/culturalvariations, 93-94, 96, and regionaldivisions, 122-123, and distinct contemporarypeoples, 126,262,279-281,286,297,343; ona regional system, 282; on roads, 15, 245, 264;on subsistence shifts, 242, 243; on the Navajoand historic use of Chaco Canyon, 301-302,303,308,309,311,324,343Vizcarra, Jose Antonio, 323Voll, Charles B., 6, 181,219,231,291Walker, James W., 9Wallace site, 247, 274Wallerstein, Imanuel, 271
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
Page 410 and 411: 388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
Page 412 and 413: 390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
Page 414 and 415: 392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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Page 418 and 419: 396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
Page 420 and 421: 398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
Page 422 and 423: 400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
Page 424 and 425: 402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
Page 426 and 427: 404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
Page 428 and 429: 406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
Page 430 and 431: 408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
Page 432 and 433: 410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
Page 434 and 435: 412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
Page 436 and 437: 414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
Page 438 and 439: 416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
Page 440 and 441: 418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
Page 442 and 443: 420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
Page 444 and 445: -----------------------422 Chaco Pr
Page 447 and 448: Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
Page 449 and 450: Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
Page 451 and 452: Index 429demography: community, mar
Page 453 and 454: Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
Page 455 and 456: Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
Page 457 and 458: Index 435population as a system, 33
Page 459: Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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