Postharvest Biology and Technology of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers

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PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH DURING PLANT SENESCENCE 109 Table 5.1 Comparison of signaling and possible mechanisms of PCD in floral organs Floral organ Intercellular signals Mechanism for PCD References Sex organ abortion GA and brassinosteroids ? Wu and Cheung (2000) Tapetum in cytoplasmic Mitochondrial Cytochrome C release Balk and Leaver (2001) male sterility lines dysfunction followed by loss of mitochondrial function Synergids Pollination in some species Requires mitochondrial function Christenson et al. (2002) Petal senescence Ethylene in some species Calcium/phosphate signaling, ROS increases Jasmonate (via ethylene) Activation of vacuolar lytic enzymes through vacuolar-processing enzyme (caspase 1 activity) Pollen tube Cytokinin (via sugar transport) During selfincompatibility Activation of vesicle bound proteases, vacuolar leakage Increased calcium, cytochrome C release and caspase-3 activity Porat and Halevy (1993), Kinoshita et al. (1999) Orzaez et al. (1999), Schmid et al. (1999) Wagstaff et al. (2003), Lara et al. (2004) Thomas and Franklin (2004) can be developed. Table 5.1 shows the comparison of signaling and possible mechanisms of PCD in various floral organs. 5.16 A proteomic analysis of plant PCD Despite the fundamental importance of PCD in plants, comparatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms of plant PCD. Plant genomes do not contain obvious homologs to the key animal cell death proteins such as the Bcl-2 family proteins (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000), although a family of genes related to mammalian caspases has been identified in plants (Uren et al., 2000). Biochemical studies of plants have been able to establish a causal role for events such as the translocation of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytosol (Balk et al., 1999; Sun et al., 1999; Zhao et al., 1999; Xu and Hanson, 2000). In an attempt to identify key plant PCD genes that may function universally during different types of plant PCD, Swidzinski et al. (2002) have previously undertaken a custom microarray analysis of gene expression during PCD in an Arabidopsis cell suspension culture. By identifying mRNA transcripts that changed in abundance following two unrelated PCD-inducing treatments (a brief, mild heat treatment for 10 min at 55 ◦ C and culture senescence), they have been able to discriminate between genes that may be common to a core plant cell death program and those that are specifically related to the inducing stimulus itself. While this study was successful in identifying several candidate genes whose common up- or downregulation during PCD may indicate a role for their products in plant PCD, it was restricted to elements of the PCD process that are transcriptionally regulated and ignored posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation. Indeed, posttranslational events such as proteolytic cleavage and activation and modifications such as phosphorylation are key regulatory events in animal PCD (Reed, 2000). As a first step toward identifying such
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 5.4 Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of total cellular protein from control cell cultures and cell cultures undergoing PCD. Spots (1–12) identified as being unique to and/or increased in relative abundance in both heat-treated and senescing samples undergoing PCD were excised, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by MS/MS. Each gel result was repeated in triplicate: (a) untreated, 6-day-old cultures; (b) 6-day-old cultures incubated for 10 min at 55 ◦ C and sampled immediately thereafter; (c) senescing, 13- to 14-day-old cultures (Swidzinski et al., 2004).
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Postharvest Biology and Technology
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Edition first published 2008 c○ 2
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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COMMON FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS,
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Chapter 3 Biochemistry of Fruits Go
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 21 et al., 2
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 23 3.2.2 Lip
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 25 exposure
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 27 isoform o
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 29 Maltose
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 31 content i
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 33 control.
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 35 range fro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 37 six (gluc
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 39 Ethylene
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 41 3.3.3 Pro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 43 component
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Phenylalanine Phenylalanine ammonia
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 47 coloratio
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 49 Fluhr, R.
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Chapter 4 Biochemistry of Flower Se
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FLOWER SENESCENCE 5
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ENHANCING POSTHARVEST SHELF LIFE AN
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ENHANCING POSTHARVEST SHELF LIFE AN
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THE BREAKDOWN OF CELL WALL COMPONEN
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Table 8.3 Transgenic genetics to de
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Chapter 9 Structural Deterioration
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PHOSPHOLIPASE D, MEMBRANE DETERIORA
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Fig. 9.3 Fracture face of a fully o
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PHOSPHOLIPASE D INHIBITION TECHNOLO
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HEAT TREATMENT FOR ENHANCING POSTHA
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 261 mainly
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 263 Table 1
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 265 Pentose
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 267 Phenyla
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 269 3' OH H
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 271 OH OH O
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 273 compoun
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 275 washing
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 277 (Fujita
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 279 Boyer,
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 281 Peschel
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ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN FRUITS A
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Chapter 14 Postharvest Treatments A
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POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS AFFECTING SE
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Chapter 15 Polyamines and Regulatio
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POLYAMINES AND REGULATION OF RIPENI
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Chapter 16 Postharvest Enhancement
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 361 the
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 363 Rese
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 365 Tabl
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 367 Toma
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 369 Such
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 371 Gian
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Chapter 18 Biotechnological Approac
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 375 tec
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 377 pro
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 379 suc
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 381 Fla
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 383 adm
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 385 wer
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 387 Bar
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 389 Kik
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 391 Tat
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,
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