PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH DURING PLANT SENESCENCE 115 pathways should be our first priority. These studies would lead to elucidating the relationship(s) between different PCD pathways in plants (developmental, pathogen-derived, <strong>and</strong> abiotic stress-associated), <strong>and</strong> to a broader underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> PCD in plants. As described earlier, the benefits to agriculture should more than compensate for the expenses spent on research related to PCD in plants. References Alonso, J.M., Hirayama, T., Roman, G., Nourizadeh, S., <strong>and</strong> Ecker, J. 1999. EIN2, a bifunction transducer <strong>of</strong> ethylene <strong>and</strong> stress responses in Arabidopsis. Science, 284: 2148–2152. Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. 2000. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the genome sequence <strong>of</strong> the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature, 408: 796–815. Arora, A., Sairam, R.K., <strong>and</strong> Srivastava, G.C. 2002. Oxidative stress <strong>and</strong> antioxidative system in plants. Curr. Sci., 82: 1227–1238. Arora, A. <strong>and</strong> Singh, V.P. 2004. Cysteine protease gene expression <strong>and</strong> proteolytic activity during floral development <strong>and</strong> senescence in ethylene-insensitive gladiolus. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol., 13: 123–126. Arora, A. <strong>and</strong> Singh, V.P. 2006. Polyols regulate the flower senescence by delaying programmed cell death in Gladiolus. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol., 15: 139–142. Arora, A., Watanabe, S., Ma, B., Takada, K., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 2006. A novel ethylene receptor homolog gene isolated from ethylene-insensitive flowers <strong>of</strong> gladiolus (Gladiolus gr<strong>and</strong>iflo a hort.). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 351(3):739–744. Asai, T., Stone, J.M., Heard, J.E., Kovtun, Y., Yorgey, P., Sheen, J., <strong>and</strong> Ausubel, F.M. 2000. Fumonisin B1- induced cell death in Arabidopsis protoplasts requires jasmonate-, ethylene-, <strong>and</strong> salicylate-dependent signaling pathways. Plant Cell, 12: 1823–1836. Ashman, T.L. <strong>and</strong> Schoen, D.J. 1994. How long should flowers live? Nature, 371: 788–791. Balk, J. <strong>and</strong> Leaver, C.J. 2001. The PET1-CMS mitochondrial mutation in sunflower is associated with premature programmed cell death <strong>and</strong> cytochrome c release. The Plant Cell, 13: 1803–1818. Balk, J., Leaver, C.J., <strong>and</strong> McCabe, P.F. 1999. Translocation <strong>of</strong> cytochrome c from the mitochondria the cytosol occurs during heat-induced programmed cell death in cucumber plants. FEBS Lett., 463(1–2): 151– 154. Bartoli, C.G., Simontacchi, M., Montaldi, E., <strong>and</strong> Puntarulo, S. 1996. Oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity <strong>and</strong> ethylene production during ageing <strong>of</strong> cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) petals. J. Exp. Bot., 47: 595–601. Bartoli, C.G., Simontacchi, M., Montaldi, E., <strong>and</strong> Puntarulo, S. 1997. Oxidants <strong>and</strong> antioxidants during ageing <strong>of</strong> chrysanthemum petals. Plant Sci., 129: 157–165. Barton, R. 1966. Fine structure <strong>of</strong> mesophyll cells in senescing leaves <strong>of</strong> Phaseolus. Planta, 71: 314–325. Beers, E.P. <strong>and</strong> McDowell, J.M. 2001. Regulation <strong>and</strong> execution <strong>of</strong> programmed cell death in response to pathogens, stress <strong>and</strong> developmental cues. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 4: 561–567. Beers, E.P., W<strong>of</strong>fenden, B.J., <strong>and</strong> Zhao, C. 2000. Plant proteolytic enzymes: possible roles during programmed cell death. Plant Mol. Biol., 44: 399–415. Berberich, T., Sano, H., <strong>and</strong> Kusano, T. 1999. Involvement <strong>of</strong> a MAP kinase, ZmMPKS, in senescent <strong>and</strong> recovery from low-temperature-stress in maize. Mol. Gen. Genet., 262: 534–542. Bi, Y.M., Brugiere, N., Cui, Y., Goring, D.R., <strong>and</strong> Rothstein, S.J. 2000. Transformation <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis with a Brassica SLG/SRK region <strong>and</strong> ARC1 gene is not sufficient to transfer the self-incompatibility phenotype. Mol. Gen. Genet., 263: 648–654. Bieleski, R.L. 1995. Onset <strong>of</strong> phloem export from senescent petals <strong>of</strong> daylily. Plant Physiol., 10: 557–565. Bleecker, A. 1998. The evolutionary basis <strong>of</strong> leaf senescence: method to the madness? Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.,1: 73–78. Breeze, E., Wagstaff, C., Harrison, E., Bramke, I., Rogers, H., <strong>and</strong> Stead, A. 2004. Gene expression patterns to define stages <strong>of</strong> host-harvest senescence in Alstroemeria petals. Plant Biotechnol. J., 2: 155–168. Brodersen, P., Malinovsky, F., Hematy, K., Newman, M., <strong>and</strong> Mundy, J. 2005. The role <strong>of</strong> salicylic acid in the induction <strong>of</strong> cell death in Arabidopsis acd11. Plant Physiol., 138: 1037–1045. Buchanan-Wollaston, V. 1997. The molecular biology <strong>of</strong> leaf senescence. J. Exp. Bot., 307: 181–199.
116 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Buchanan-Wollaston, V. <strong>and</strong> Ainsworth, C. 1997. Leaf senescence in Brassica napus: cloning <strong>of</strong> senescence related genes by subtractive hybridization. Plant Mol. Biol., 33: 821–834. Buchanan-Wollaston, V., Earl, S., Harrison, E., Mathas, E., Navabpour, S., Page, T., <strong>and</strong> Pink, D. 2003. The molecular analysis <strong>of</strong> leaf senescence—a genomics approach. Plant Biotechnol. J., 1: 3–22. Buckner, B., Janick-Buckner, J., Gray, J., <strong>and</strong> Johal, G.S. 1998. Cell-death mechanisms in maize. Trends Plant Sci., 3: 218–223. Bursch, W. 2001. The autophagosomal-lysosomal compartment in programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ., 8: 569–581. Caccia, R., Delledonne, M., Levine, A., De Pace, C., <strong>and</strong> Mazzucato, A. 2001. Apoptosis-like DNA fragmentation in leaves <strong>and</strong> floral organs precedes their developmental senescence. Plant Biosys., 135: 183–189. Callard, D., Axelos, M., <strong>and</strong> Mazzolini, L. 1996. Novel molecular markers for late phases <strong>of</strong> the growth cycle <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis thaliana cell-suspension cultures are expressed during organ senescence. Plant Physiol., 112: 705–715. Callis, J. <strong>and</strong> Vierstra, R.D. 2000. Protein degradation in signaling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 3: 381–386. Cao, J., Jiang, F., <strong>and</strong> Sodmergen Cui, K.M. 2003. Time-course <strong>of</strong> programmed cell death during leaf senescence in Eucommia ulmoides. J. Plant Res., 116: 7–12. Cercos, M., Santamaria, S., <strong>and</strong> Carbonell, J. 1999. Cloning <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> TPE4A, a thiol-protease gene induced during ovary senescence <strong>and</strong> seed germination in pea. Plant Physiol., 119: 1341–1348. Chanasut, U., Rogers, H.J., Leverentz, M.K., Griffiths, G., Thomas, B., <strong>and</strong> Wagstaff, C. 2003. Increasing flower longevity in Alstroemeria. <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 29: 325–333. Chen, W.Q., Provart, N.J., Glazebrook, J., Katagiri, F., Chang, H.S., Eulgem, T., Mauch, F., Luan, S., Zou, G.Z., Whitham, S.A., Budworth, P.R., Tao, Y., Xie, Z.Y., Chen, X., Lam, S., Kreps, J.A., Harper, J.F., Si- Ammour, A., Mauch-Mani, B., Heinlein, M., Kobayashi, K., Hohn, T., Dangl, J.L., Wang, X., <strong>and</strong> Zhu, T. 2002. Expression pr<strong>of</strong>ile matrix <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis transcription factor genes suggests their putative functions in response to environmental stresses. Plant Cell, 14: 559–574. Chou, C.M. <strong>and</strong> Kao, C.H. 1992. Methyl jasmonate, calcium, <strong>and</strong> leaf senescence in rice. Plant Physiol., 99: 1693–1694. Christensen, C.A., Gorsich, S.W., Brown, R.H., Jones, L.G., Brown, J., <strong>and</strong> Shaw, J.M. 2002. Mitochondrial GFA2 is required for synergid cell death in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 14: 2215–2232. Clough, S.J., Fengler, K.A., Yu, I., Lippok, B., Smith, R.K., <strong>and</strong> Bent, A. 2000. The Arabidopsis <strong>and</strong> “defense, no death” gene encodes a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97: 9313–9328. Cohen, J.J. 1993. Apoptosis. Immunol. Today, 14: 126–130. Cotelle, V., Meek, S.E.M., Provan, F., Milne, F.C., Morrice, N., <strong>and</strong> Mackintosh, C. 2000. 14–3-3s regulate global cleavage <strong>of</strong> their diverse binding partners in sugar-starved Arabidopsis cells. The EMBO J., 19: 2869– 2876. Crafts-Br<strong>and</strong>ner, S.J., Below, F.E., Harper, J.E., <strong>and</strong> Hageman, R.H. 1984. Effects <strong>of</strong> pod removal on metabolism <strong>and</strong> senescence <strong>of</strong> modulating <strong>and</strong> non-modulating soybean isolines. I. Metabolic constituents. Plant Physiol., 75: 311–317. Dangl, J.L., Dietrich, R.A., <strong>and</strong> Richberg, M.H. 1996. Death don’t have no mercy: cell death programs in plantmicrobe interactions. Plant Cell, 8: 1793–1807. Deikman, J. 1997. Molecular mechanisms <strong>of</strong> ethylene regulation <strong>of</strong> gene transcription. Physiologia Plantarum, 100: 561–566. Delaney, T.P., Uknes, S., Vernooij, B., Friedrich, L., Weymann, K., Negrotto, D., Gaffney, T., Gut-Rella, M., Kessmann, H., Ward, E., <strong>and</strong> Ryals, J. 1994. A central role <strong>of</strong> salicylic acid in plant disease resistance. Science, 266: 1247–1250. Delorme, V.G., McCabe, P.F., Kim, D.J., <strong>and</strong> Leaver, C.J. 2000. A matrix metalloproteinase gene is expressed at the boundary <strong>of</strong> senescence <strong>and</strong> programmed cell death in cucumber. Plant Physiol., 123: 917–927. Dietrich, R.A., Delaney, T.P., Uknes, S.J., Ward, E.R., Ryals, J.A., <strong>and</strong> Dangl, J.L. 1994. Arabidopsis mutants simulating disease resistance response. Cell, 77: 565–577. Doelling, J.H., Walker, J.M., Friedman, E.M., Thompson, A.R., <strong>and</strong> Vierstra, R.D. 2002. The APG8/12- activating enzyme APG7 is required for proper nutrient recycling <strong>and</strong> senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem., 277: 33105–33114. Drake, R., John, I., Farrell, A., Cooper, W., Schuch, W., <strong>and</strong> Grierson, D. 1996. Isolation <strong>and</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> cDNAs encoding tomato cysteine proteases expressed during leaf senescence. Plant. Mol. Biol., 30: 755– 767. Du, L. <strong>and</strong> Chen, Z. 2000. Identification <strong>of</strong> genes encoding novel receptor-like protein kinases as possible target genes <strong>of</strong> pathogen-induced WRKY DNA-binding proteins. Plant J., 24: 837–848.
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Edition first published 2008 c○ 2
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,