Postharvest Biology and Technology of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers

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PHOSPHOLIPASE D, MEMBRANE DETERIORATION, AND SENESCENCE 211 strawberry fruit membranes may also be due to PLD alpha. Western blot analysis of strawberry membrane proteins using polyclonal antibodies raised against rapeseed PLD alpha (Novotna et al., 1999) showed a predominant cross reactivity with a 92-kDa protein (Yuan et al., 2005), and nothing above this molecular mass, suggesting that PLD beta (112 kDa) and gamma (98 kDa) isoforms may occur below detectable levels, or do not react with the PLD alpha antibodies. As well, the PLD alpha 1 encoded by FaPLDα1 from strawberry fruit (Yuan et al., 2005) is very similar to that encoded by LePLDα1 from tomato. In general, strawberry PLD alpha is also similar to tomato PLD alpha in its properties and regulation by calcium (Tiwari et al., unpublished). Despite differences in kinetic properties, strawberry fruit mitochondrial PLD appears to be similar to microsomal PLD in its molecular mass, about 92 kDa, which is indicative of an alpha-type PLD (Yuan et al., 2006a). The different kinetic properties of mitochondrial versus microsomal PLD may arise from posttranslational modifications, or the presence/absence of particular modulatory lipids or other effectors. Irrespective of whether a fruit is climacteric (tomato), weakly climacteric (hybrid honeydew melon), or nonclimacteric (strawberry), PLD may play a key role in the initiation and progression of ripening and senescence. Three isogenes encoding PLD alphas (referred to here as LePLDα1, LePLDα2, and LePLDα3) have been cloned from tomato and further studied (Table 9.2). LePLDα1 (Almquist and Paliyath, 2000; GenBank accession number AF201661) was cloned using a novel strategy for the design of primers known as the CODEHOP program (Rose et al., 1998), by which PCR primers were designed based on highly conserved regions of Arabidopsis thaliana PLD alpha-, beta-, and gamma-encoded amino acid sequences aligned using the Clustal W program (Altschul et al., 1997). A CODEHOP primer is degenerated at the 3 ′ core region, with a length of 11–12 bp spanning four codons representing highly conserved amino acids, and nondegenerate at the 5 ′ consensus clamp region, which is variable in length. The hybrid structure (5 ′ consensus and 3 ′ degenerate) of CODEHOP primers has been reported to result in specific amplification of cDNA during early cycles of PCR, and selective amplification of products during later cycles. Forward and reverse primers were generated and PCR performed using tomato root cDNA (reported in Pinhero et al., 2003). Initially this step amplified two cDNA fragments: one 883-bp long corresponding to a PLD alpha and another 936-bp long corresponding to a PLD beta or second PLD alpha. Forward Table 9.2 Percent deduced amino acid sequence identity/similarity among seven PLD alpha full-length cDNAs from tomato (LePLDα1, LePLDα2, and LePLDα3), strawberry (FaPLDα1), honeydew melon (CmPLDα1 and CmPLDα2), and cucumber (CsPLDα1) LePLDα1 LePLDα2 LePLDα3 FaPLDα1 CmPLDα1 CmPLDα2 CsPLDα1 LePLDα1 — 76/87 74/86 81/89 82/92 75/98 81/91 LePLDα2 76/87 — 87/94 75/87 76/87 74/87 76/87 LePLDα3 74/86 87/94 — 73/86 74/86 71/86 74/86 FaPLDα1 81/89 75/87 73/86 — 82/91 76/88 82/91 CmPLDα1 82/92 76/87 74/86 82/91 — 78/90 97/98 CmPLDα2 75/88 74/87 71/86 76/88 78/90 — 77/89 CsPLDα1 81/91 76/87 74/86 82/91 97/98 77/89 — The corresponding GenBank protein accession numbers are as follows: LePLDα1 = AAF17557, LePLDα2 = AAG48162, LePLDα3 = AAG45486, FaPLDα1 = AAW83125, CmPLDα1 = ABB82551, CmPLDα2 = ABS86615, CsPLDα1 = ABN13537.
PLDα : 27S (x100) (i) 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 35 40 BK TN PK RR OR LePLDα2 27S rRNA 100 80 60 40 10 0 (ii) PLDα : 27S (x100) Stem Leaf Root Flower LePLDα2 (a) 27S rRNA 0.5 kb- (i) 10 20 30 MG BK TN PK RR - LePLDα3 -18S 0.5 kb- (ii) R S L F - LePLDα3 -18S (b) 0.5 kb- (iii) 10-6-C 10-5-C 10-3-B 8-2-E WT-MG WT-BK WT-PK - LePLDα3 -18S 212
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Postharvest Biology and Technology
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Edition first published 2008 c○ 2
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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COMMON FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS,
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Chapter 3 Biochemistry of Fruits Go
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 21 et al., 2
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 23 3.2.2 Lip
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 25 exposure
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 27 isoform o
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 29 Maltose
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 31 content i
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 33 control.
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 35 range fro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 37 six (gluc
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 39 Ethylene
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 41 3.3.3 Pro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 43 component
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Phenylalanine Phenylalanine ammonia
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 47 coloratio
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 49 Fluhr, R.
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Chapter 4 Biochemistry of Flower Se
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FLOWER SENESCENCE 5
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PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH DURING PLANT
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(a) (a′) (b) (b′) (c) (d) Fig.
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Chapter 6 Ethylene Perception and G
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ETHYLENE PERCEPTION AND GENE EXPRES
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Chapter 7 Enhancing Postharvest She
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ENHANCING POSTHARVEST SHELF LIFE AN
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 261 mainly
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 263 Table 1
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 265 Pentose
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 267 Phenyla
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 269 3' OH H
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 271 OH OH O
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 273 compoun
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 275 washing
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 277 (Fujita
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 279 Boyer,
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 281 Peschel
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ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN FRUITS A
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Chapter 14 Postharvest Treatments A
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POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS AFFECTING SE
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Chapter 15 Polyamines and Regulatio
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POLYAMINES AND REGULATION OF RIPENI
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Chapter 16 Postharvest Enhancement
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 361 the
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 363 Rese
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 365 Tabl
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 367 Toma
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 369 Such
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 371 Gian
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Chapter 18 Biotechnological Approac
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 375 tec
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 377 pro
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 379 suc
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 381 Fla
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 383 adm
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 385 wer
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 387 Bar
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 389 Kik
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 391 Tat
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,
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