POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC PHYTOCHEMICALS IN APPLES 357 Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Seppanen, R., Heliovaara, M., Teppo, L., Pukkala, E., <strong>and</strong> Aromaa, A. 1997. Dietary flavonoids <strong>and</strong> the risk <strong>of</strong> lung cancer <strong>and</strong> other malignant neoplasms. Am. J. Epidemiol., 146: 223–230. Knekt, P., Kumpulainen, J., Jarvinen, R., Rissanen, H., Heliovaara, M., Reunanen, A., Hakulinen, T., <strong>and</strong> Aromaa, A. 2002. Flavonoid intake <strong>and</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> chronic diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76: 560–568. Krishnan, N. <strong>and</strong> Becker, D.F. 2006. Oxygen reactivity <strong>of</strong> PutA from Helicobacter species <strong>and</strong> proline-linked oxidative stress. J. Bacteriol., 88: 1227–1235. Kwon, Y.-I., Apostolidis, E., <strong>and</strong> Shetty, K. 2007. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> pepper (Capsicum annuum) for management <strong>of</strong> diabetes <strong>and</strong> hypertension. J. Food Biochemistry, 31: 370–385. Kwon, Y.-I., Vattem, D.A., <strong>and</strong> Shetty, K. 2006. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> clonal herbs <strong>of</strong> Lamiaceae species for management <strong>of</strong> diabetes <strong>and</strong> hypertension. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 15: 107–118. Lacan, D. <strong>and</strong> Baccou, J.-C. 1998. High levels <strong>of</strong> antioxidant enzymes correlate with delayed senescence in non-netted muskmelon fruits. Planta, 204: 377–382. LaRosa, P.C., Rhodes, D., Rhodes, J.C., Bressan, R.A., <strong>and</strong> Csonka, L.N. 1991. Elevated accumulation <strong>of</strong> proline in NaCl-adapted tobacco cells is not due to altered α-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Plant Physiol., 96: 245–250. Lee, K., Kim, Y., Kim, D., Lee, H., <strong>and</strong> Lee, C. 2003. 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Determination <strong>and</strong> involvement <strong>of</strong> aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems <strong>of</strong> various senescing leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43: 1813–1819. Min, B., Dawson, P.L., <strong>and</strong> Shetty, K. 2005. Antioxidant <strong>and</strong> bioactive films to enhance food quality <strong>and</strong> phytochemical production during ripening. Korean J. Food Sci. Ani. Resour., 25: 60–65. Moore, M.E., Han, I.Y., Acton, J.C., Ogale, C.R., Barmore, C.R., <strong>and</strong> Dawson, P.L. 2003. Effects <strong>of</strong> antioxidant in polyethylene film on fresh beef color. J. Food Sci., 68: 99–104. Nishikawa, T., Edelstein, D., Du, X.L., Yamagishi, S., Matsumura, T., Kaneda, Y., Yorek, M.A., Bee be, D., Oates, P.J., Hammes, H.-P., Giardino, I., <strong>and</strong> Brownlee, M. 2000. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways <strong>of</strong> hyperglycemic damage. Nature, 404: 787–790. Osawa, T., Sugiyama, Y., Inayoshi, M., <strong>and</strong> Kawakishi, S. 1995. Antioxidant activity <strong>of</strong> tetrahydrocurcuminoids. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biohem., 59: 1609–1612. Paleg, L.G., Douglas, T.J., van Daal, A., <strong>and</strong> Keech, D.B. 1981. Proline, betaine <strong>and</strong> other osmotic solutes protect enzymes against heat inactivation. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 8: 107–114. Pastori, G.M. <strong>and</strong> Del-Rio, L.A. 1997. Natural senescence <strong>of</strong> pea leaves: an activated oxygen-mediated function for peroxisomes. Plant Physiol., 113: 411–418. Peake, P.W., Pussel, B.A., Martyn, P., Timmermans, V., <strong>and</strong> Charlesworth, J.A. 1991. The inhibitory effect <strong>of</strong> rosmarinic acid on complement involves the C5 convertase. Int. J. Immunopharmac., 13: 853–857. Phang, J.M. 1985. The regulatory functions <strong>of</strong> proline <strong>and</strong> pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. Curr. Top Cell Regul., 25: 92–132. Philosoph-Hadas, S., Meir, S., Akiri, B., <strong>and</strong> Kanner, K. 1994. Oxidative defense systems in leaves <strong>of</strong> three edible herb species in relation to their senescence rate. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42: 2376–2381. Puls, W. <strong>and</strong> Keup, U. 1975. Metabolic studies with an amylase. In: Recent Advances in Obesity Research (ed., A. Howard), Vol. 1, Newman Publisher, London, p. 391. Puls, W., Keup, U., Krause, H., Thomas, P.G., <strong>and</strong> H<strong>of</strong>fmeister, F. 1977. Glucosidase inhibition: a new approach to the treatment <strong>of</strong> diabetes, obesity <strong>and</strong> hyperlipoproteinemia. Naturwissen Schaften, 64: 36–537.
358 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Quartacci, M.F., Cosi, E., <strong>and</strong> Navari-Izzo, F. 2001. Lipids <strong>and</strong> NADH dependent superoxide production in plasma membrane vesicles from roots <strong>of</strong> wheat germ under copper deficiency or excess. J Exp. Bot., 52: 77–84. Quintavalla, S. <strong>and</strong> Vicini, L. 2002. Antimicrobial food packaging in meat industry. Meat Sci., 62: 373–380. R<strong>and</strong>hir, R. <strong>and</strong> Shetty, K. 2003. Light-mediated fava bean (Vicia faba) response to phytochemical <strong>and</strong> protein elicitors <strong>and</strong> consequences on nutraceutical enhancement <strong>and</strong> seed vigor. Process Biochem., 38: 945–952. Ratner, R.E. 2001. Controlling postpr<strong>and</strong>ial hyperglycemia. Am. J. Cardiol., 88: 26–31. Reddy, P.S. <strong>and</strong> Veeranjaneyulu, K. 1991. Proline metabolism in senescing leaves <strong>of</strong> horsegram (Macrotyloma unifloru Lam.). J. Plant Physiol., 137: 381–383. Rhodes, D. 1987. Metabolic responses to stress. In: Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> Plants (ed., D.D. Davies), Vol. 12, Academic Press, New York, pp. 201–241. Rhodes, D., H<strong>and</strong>a, S., <strong>and</strong> Bressan, R.A. 1986. Metabolic changes associated with adaptation <strong>of</strong> plant cells to water stress. Plant Physiol, 82: 890–902. Rhodes, J.M. <strong>and</strong> Wooltorton, L.S.C. 1978. The biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> phenolic compounds in wounded plant storage tissues. In: Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> Wounded Plant Tissues (ed., G. Kahl), W de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 286. Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J., Bolwell, P.G., Bramley, P.M., <strong>and</strong> Pridham, J.B. 1995. The relative antioxidant activities <strong>of</strong> plantderived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Rad. Res., 22: 375–383. Rogiers, S.Y., Kumar, M.G.N., <strong>and</strong> Knowles, N.R. 1998. Maturation <strong>and</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong> fruit <strong>of</strong> Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. are accompanied by increasing oxidative stress. Ann. Bot., 81: 203–211. Santoro, M.M., Liu, Y., Khan, S.M. A., Hou, L.X., <strong>and</strong> Bolen, D.W. 1992. Increased thermal stability <strong>of</strong> proteins in the presence <strong>of</strong> naturally occurring osmolytes. Biohemistry, 31: 5278–5283. Shetty, K. 1997. Biotechnology to harness the benefits <strong>of</strong> dietary phenolics: focus on Lamiaceae. Asia Pacif. J. Clinical Nutri., 6: 162–171. Shetty, K. 1999. Phytochemicals: biotechnology <strong>of</strong> phenolic phytochemicals for food preservatives <strong>and</strong> functional food applications. In: Wiley Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> Food Science <strong>and</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> (ed, F.J. Francis), 2nd edn, Wiley Publishers, New York, pp. 1901–1909. 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A Model for the role <strong>of</strong> the proline-linked pentose-phosphate pathway in phenolic phytochemical biosynthesis <strong>and</strong> mechanism <strong>of</strong> action for human health <strong>and</strong> environmental applications. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr., 13: 1–24. Shetty, P., Aatallah, M.T., <strong>and</strong> Shetty, K. 2003. Stimulation <strong>of</strong> total phenolics, L-DOPA <strong>and</strong> antioxidant activity through proline-linked phentose phosphate pathway in response to proline <strong>and</strong> its analogue in germinating fava beans (Vicia faba). Process Biochem., 38: 1707–1717. Smirn<strong>of</strong>f, N. <strong>and</strong> Cumbes, Q.J. 1989. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity <strong>of</strong> compatible solutes. Phytochemistry, 28: 1057–1060. Stewart, C.R. <strong>and</strong> Larher, F. 1980. Accumulation <strong>of</strong> amino acids <strong>and</strong> related compounds in relation to environmental stress. In: The Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> Plants (ed., B. J. Miflin), Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, pp. 609–635. Strack, D. 1997. Phenolic metabolism. In: Plant Biochemistry (eds, P.M. Dey<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> J.B. Harborne), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 387–416. Sudhakar, C., Reddy, P.S., <strong>and</strong> Veeranjaneyulu, K. 1993. Effects <strong>of</strong> salt stress on enzymes <strong>of</strong> proline synthesis <strong>and</strong> oxidation in green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings. J. Plant Physiol., 141: 621–623. Sun, J., Chu, Y., Wu, X., <strong>and</strong> Liu, R.H. 2002. Antioxidant <strong>and</strong> antiproliferative activities <strong>of</strong> common fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50: 7449–7454. Suppakul, P., Miltz, J., Sonneveld, K., <strong>and</strong> Bigger, S.W. 2003. Active packaging technologies with an emphasis on antimicrobial packaging <strong>and</strong> its applications. J. Food Science, 68: 408–420. Taylor, C.B. 1996. Proline <strong>and</strong> water deficit: ups <strong>and</strong> downs. The Plant Cell, 8: 1221–1224. Thompson, J.F. 1980. Arginine synthesis, proline synthesis, <strong>and</strong> related process. In: The Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> Plants (ed., B.J. Miflin), Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, pp. 375–403. Thompson, J.E., Brown, J.H., Paliyath, G., Todd, J.F., <strong>and</strong> Yao, K. 1991. Membrane phospholipid catabolism primes the production <strong>of</strong> activated oxygen in senescing tissue. In: Active oxygen/oxidative stress <strong>and</strong> plant metabolism (eds, E. Pell <strong>and</strong> K. Steffen), ASPP, Rockville, MD, pp. 57–66.
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,