ETHYLENE PERCEPTION AND GENE EXPRESSION 137 Guo, H. <strong>and</strong> Ecker, J.R. 2004. The ethylene signaling pathway: new insights. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 7: 40–49. Hackett, R.M., Ho, C.W., Lin, Z., Foote, H.C., Fray, R.G., <strong>and</strong> Grierson, D. 2000. Antisense inhibition <strong>of</strong> the Nr gene restores normal ripening to the tomato Never-ripe mutant, consistent with the ethylene receptor-inhibition model. Plant Physiol., 124: 1079–1086. Hall, A.E., Findell, J.L., Schaller, G.E., Sisler, E.C., <strong>and</strong> Bleecker, A.B. 2000. Ethylene perception by the ERS1 protein in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 123: 1449–1458. Hua, J., Chang, C., Sun, Q., <strong>and</strong> Meyerowitz, E.M. 1995. Ethylene insensitivity conferred by Arabidopsis ERS gene. Science, 269: 1712–1714. Hua, J. <strong>and</strong> Meyerowitz, E.M. 1998. Ethylene responses are negatively regulated by a receptor gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell, 94: 261–271. Hua, J., Sakai, H., Nourizadeh, S., Chen, Q., Bleecker, A., Ecker, J., <strong>and</strong> Meyerowitz, E. 1998. EIN4 <strong>and</strong> ERS2 are members <strong>of</strong> the putative ethylene receptor gene family in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 10: 1321–1332. Ichimura, K., Kohata, K., <strong>and</strong> Goto, R. 2000. Soluble carbohydrates in Delphinium <strong>and</strong> their influence on sepal abscission in cut flowers. Physiol. Plant, 108: 307–313. Katz, E., Lagunes, P.M., Riov, J., Weiss, D., <strong>and</strong> Goldschmidt, E.E. 2004. Molecular <strong>and</strong> physiological evidence suggests the existence <strong>of</strong> a system II-like pathway <strong>of</strong> ethylene production in non-climacteric citrus fruit. Planta, 219: 243–252. Klee, H. 2006. Highly conserved proteins that modify plant ethylene responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103: 7537–7538. Klee, H. <strong>and</strong> Tieman, D. 2002. The tomato ethylene receptor gene family: form <strong>and</strong> function. Physiol. Plant, 115: 336–341. Klee, H.J. 2002. Control <strong>of</strong> ethylene-mediated processes in tomato at the level <strong>of</strong> receptors. J. Exp. Bot., 53: 2057–2063. Klee, H.J. 2004. Ethylene signal transduction. Moving beyond Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 135: 660–667. Kuroda, S., Hakata, M., Hirose, Y., Shiraishi, M., <strong>and</strong> Abe, S. 2003. Ethylene production <strong>and</strong> enhanced transcription <strong>of</strong> an ethylene receptor gene, ERS1, in Delphinium during abscission <strong>of</strong> florets. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 41: 812–820. Ma, B., Cui, M.L., Sun, H.J., Takada, K., Mori, H., Kamada, H., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 2006a. Subcellular localization <strong>and</strong> membrane topology <strong>of</strong> the melon ethylene receptor CmERS1. Plant Physiol., 141: 587–597. Ma, N., Tan, H., Liu, X., Xue, J., Li, Y., <strong>and</strong> Gao, J. 2006b. Transcriptional regulation <strong>of</strong> ethylene receptor <strong>and</strong> CTR genes involved in ethylene-induced flower opening in cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Samantha. J Exp Bot., 57: 2763–2773. Mita, S., Kawamura, S., <strong>and</strong> Asai, T. 2002. Regulation <strong>of</strong> the expression <strong>of</strong> a putative ethylene receptor, PeERS2, during the development <strong>of</strong> passion fruit (Passiflo a edulis). Physiol. Plant, 114: 271–280. Mita, S., Kawamura, S., Yamawaki, K., Nakamura, K., <strong>and</strong> Hyodo, H. 1998. Differential expression <strong>of</strong> genes involved in the biosynthesis <strong>and</strong> perception <strong>of</strong> ethylene during ripening <strong>of</strong> passion fruit (Passiflo a edulis Sims). Plant Cell Physiol., 39: 1209–1217. Müller, R., Stummann, B.M., <strong>and</strong> Serek, M. 2000. Characterization <strong>of</strong> an ethylene receptor family with differential expression in rose (Rosa hybrid L.) flower. Plant Cell Rep., 19: 1232–1239. Narumi, T., Aida, R., Ohmiya, A., <strong>and</strong> Satoh, S. 2005a. Transformation <strong>of</strong> chrysanthemum with mutated ethylene receptor genes: mDG-ERS1 transgenes conferring reduced ethylene sensitivity <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> the transformants. <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 37: 101–110. Narumi, T., Kanno, Y., Suzuki, M., Kishimoto, S., Ohmiya, A., <strong>and</strong> Satoh, A. 2005b. Cloning <strong>of</strong> a cDNA encoding an ethylene receptor (DG-ERS1) from chrysanthemum <strong>and</strong> comparison <strong>of</strong> its mRNA level in ethylene-sensitive <strong>and</strong> -insensitive cultivars. <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 36: 21–30. Ogawara, T., Higashi, K., Kamada, H., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 2003. Ethylene advances the transition from vegetative growth to flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Plant Physiol., 160: 1335–1340. Owino, W.O., Nakano, R., Kubo, Y., <strong>and</strong> Inaba, A. 2002. Differential regulation <strong>of</strong> genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis enzymes <strong>and</strong> ethylene response sensor ortholog during ripening <strong>and</strong> in response to wounding in avocados. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 127: 520–527. Pang, J.H., Ma, B., Sun, H.J., Ortiz, G.I., Imanishi, S., Sugaya, S., Gemma, H., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 2006. Identification <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> ethylene receptor homologs expressed during fruit development <strong>and</strong> ripening in persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thumb.). <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 44: 195–203. Patterson, S.E. <strong>and</strong> Bleecker, A.B. 2004. Ethylene-dependent <strong>and</strong> -independent processes associated with floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 134: 194–203. Rasori, A., Ruperti, B., Bonghi, C., Tonutti, P., <strong>and</strong> Ramina, A. 2002. Characterization <strong>of</strong> two putative ethylene receptor genes expressed during peach fruit development <strong>and</strong> abscission. J. Exp. Bot., 53: 2333–2339.
138 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Rodriguez, F.I., Esch, J.J., Hall, A.E., Binder, B.M., Schaller, G.E., <strong>and</strong> Bleecker, A.B. 1999. A copper c<strong>of</strong>actor for the ethylene receptor ETR1 from Arabidopsis. Science, 283: 996–998. Sakai, H., Hua, J., Chen, Q.G., Chang, C., Medrano, L.J., Bleecker, A.B., <strong>and</strong> Meyerowitz, E.M. 1998. ETR2 is an ETR1-like gene involved in ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95: 5812–5817. Sato-Nara, K., Yuhashi, K., Higashi, K., Hosoya, K., Kubota, M., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 1999. Stage- <strong>and</strong> tissue-specific expression <strong>of</strong> ethylene receptor homologue genes during fruit development in muskmelon. Plant Physiol., 120: 321–329. Schaller, G.E. <strong>and</strong> Bleecker, A.B. 1995. Ethylene-binding sites generated in yeast expressing the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene. Science, 270: 1809–1811. Schaller, G.E., Ladd, A.N., Lanahan, M.B., Spanbauer, J.N., <strong>and</strong> Bleecker, A.B. 1995. The ethylene response mediator ETR1 from Arabidopsis forms a disulphide-linked dimer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 270: 12526– 12530. Serek, M., Woltering, E.J., Sisler, E.C., Frello, S., <strong>and</strong> Srisk<strong>and</strong>arajah, S. 2006. Controlling ethylene responses in flowers at the receptor level. Biotechnol. Adv., 24: 368–381. Shaw, J.F., Chen, H.H., Tsai, M.F., Kuo, C.I., <strong>and</strong> Huan, L.C. 2002. Extended flower longevity for Petunia hybrida plants transformed with boers, a mutated ERS gene <strong>of</strong> Brassica oleracea. Mol. Breed., 9: 211–216. Shibuya, K., Nagata, M., Tanikawa, N., Yoshioka, T., Hashiba, T., <strong>and</strong> Satoh, S. 2002. Comparison <strong>of</strong> mRNA levels <strong>of</strong> three ethylene receptors in senescing flowers <strong>of</strong> carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). J. Exp. Bot., 53: 399–406. Stepanova, A.N., <strong>and</strong> Alonso, J.M. 2005. Ethylene signaling pathway. Sci. STKE, 22: cm3. Takada, K., Ishimaru, K., Minamisawa, K., Kamada, H., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 2005. Expression <strong>of</strong> a mutated melon ethylene receptor gene Cm-ERS1/H69A affects stamen development inNicotiana tabacum. Plant Sci., 169: 935–942. Takahashi, H., Kobayashi, T., Sato-Nara, K., Tomita, K.O., <strong>and</strong> Ezura, H. 2002. Detection <strong>of</strong> ethylene receptor protein Cm-ERS1 during fruit development in melon (Cucumis melo L.). J. Exp. Bot., 53: 415–422. Tan, H., Liu, X., Ma, N., Xue, J., Lu, W.L., Bai, J., <strong>and</strong> Gao, J. 2006. Ethylene-influenced flower opening <strong>and</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> genes encoding Etrs, Ctrs, <strong>and</strong> Ein3s in two cut rose cultivars. <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 40: 97–105. Tanase, K. <strong>and</strong> Ichimura, K. 2006. Expression <strong>of</strong> ethylene receptors Dl-ERS1-3 <strong>and</strong> Dl-ERS2, <strong>and</strong> ethylene response during flower senescence in Delphinium. J. Plant Physiol., 163: 1159–1166. Tieman, D.V., Taylor, M.G., Ciardi, J.A., <strong>and</strong> Klee, H.J. 2000. The tomato ethylene receptors NR <strong>and</strong> LeETR4 are negative regulators <strong>of</strong> ethylene response <strong>and</strong> exhibit functional compensation within a multigene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97: 5663–5668. Trainotti, L., Pavanello, A., <strong>and</strong> Casadoro, G. 2005. Different ethylene receptors show an increased expression during the ripening <strong>of</strong> strawberries: does such an increment imply a role for ethylene in the ripening <strong>of</strong> these non-climacteric fruits? J. Exp. Bot., 56: 2037–2046. Wang, W., Hall, A.E., O’Malley, R., <strong>and</strong> Bleecker, A.B. 2003. Canonical histidine kinase activity <strong>of</strong> the transmitter domain <strong>of</strong> the ETR1 ethylene receptor from Arabidopsis is not required for signal transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100: 352–357. Wang, Y. <strong>and</strong> Kumar, P.P. 2004. Heterologous expression <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis ERS1 causes delayed senescence in cori<strong>and</strong>er. Plant Cell Rep., 22: 678–683. Wilkinson, J.Q., Lanahan, M.B., Clark, D.G., Bleecker, A.B., Chang, C., Meyerowitz, E.M., <strong>and</strong> Klee, H.J. 1997. A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat. Biotechnol., 15: 444–447. Yamamoto, K., Komatsu, Y., Yokoo, Y., <strong>and</strong> Furukawa, T. 1994. Delaying flower opening <strong>of</strong> cut roses by cispropenylphosphonic acid. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 63: 159–166.
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,