POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC PHYTOCHEMICALS IN APPLES 355 Beggs, C.J., Kuhn, K., Bocker, R., <strong>and</strong> Wellmann, E. 1987. Phytochrome induced flavanoid biosynthesis in mustard (Sinapsis alba L) cotyledons: enzymatic control <strong>and</strong> differential regulation <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin <strong>and</strong> quercetin formation. Planta, 172: 121–126. Bisch<strong>of</strong>f, H. 1994. Pharmacology <strong>of</strong> glucosidase inhibitor. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 24: 3–10. Bisch<strong>of</strong>f, H., Puls, W., Krause, H.P., Schutt, H., <strong>and</strong> Thomas, G. 1985. Pharmacological properties <strong>of</strong> the novel glucosidase inhibitors BAY m 1099 (miglitol) <strong>and</strong> BAY o 1248. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 1: 53–62. Block, G., Patterson B., <strong>and</strong> Subar, A. 1992. Fruit, vegetables, <strong>and</strong> cancer prevention: a review <strong>of</strong> the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Cancer, 18: 1–29. Bolwell, G.P. <strong>and</strong> Wojitaszek, P. 1997. Mechanisms for the generation <strong>of</strong> reactive oxygen species in plant defense: a broad perspective. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 51: 347–366. Boyer, J. <strong>and</strong> Liu, R.H. 2004. Apple phytochemicals <strong>and</strong> their health benefits. Nutr. J., 3: 5–9. Bravo, L. 1998. Phenolic phytochemicals: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, <strong>and</strong> nutritional significance. Nutr. Rev., 56: 317–333. Briskin, D.P. 2000. Medicinal plants <strong>and</strong> phytomedicines. Linking plant biochemistry <strong>and</strong> physiology to human health. Plant Physiol., 124: 507–514. Brooker, F. <strong>and</strong> Miller, J. 1998. Phenylpropanoid metabolism <strong>and</strong> phenolic composition <strong>of</strong> soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] leaves following exposure to ozone. J. Exp. Bot., 49: 1191–1202. Brownlee, M. 2005. The pathobiology <strong>of</strong> diabetic complications. Diabetes, 54: 1615–1625. Christie, P.J., Alefenito, M.R., <strong>and</strong> Walbot, V. 1994. Impact <strong>of</strong> low temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid <strong>and</strong> anthocyanins pathways: enhancement <strong>of</strong> transcript abundance <strong>and</strong> anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings. Planta, 194: 541–549. Chugh, L.K. <strong>and</strong> Sawhney, S.K. 1999. Effects <strong>of</strong> cadmium on activities <strong>of</strong> some enzymes <strong>of</strong> glycolysis <strong>and</strong> pentose phosphate pathway in pea. Biol. Plant., 42: 401–407. Copel<strong>and</strong>, L. <strong>and</strong> Turner, J.F. 1987. The regulation <strong>of</strong> glycolysis <strong>and</strong> the pentose-phosphate pathway. In: The Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> Plants (eds, P. Stumpf <strong>and</strong> E.E. Conn), Vol. 11, Academic Press, New York, pp. 107–125. Costantino, L., Rastelli, G., Gamberini, M.C., Vinson, J.A., Bose, P., Iannone, A., Staffieri, M., Antolini, L., Corso, A.D., Mura, U., <strong>and</strong> Albasini, A. 1999. 1-Benzopyran-4-one antioxidants as aldose reductase inhibitors. J. Med. Chem., 42: 1881–1893. Crozier, A., Burns, J., Aziz, A.A., Stewart, A.J., Rabiasz, H.S., Jenkins, G.I., Edwards, C.A., <strong>and</strong> Lean, M. 2000. Antioxidant flavanols from fruits, vegetables <strong>and</strong> beverages: measurements <strong>and</strong> bioavailability. Biol. Res., 33: 79–88. Dat, J., V<strong>and</strong>enabeele, S., Vranova, E., Van Montagu, M., Inze, D., <strong>and</strong> Van Breusegem, F. 2000. Dual action <strong>of</strong> the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 57: 779–795. Del Rio, L.A., Corpas, F.J., S<strong>and</strong>alio, L.M., Palma, J.M., Gomez, M., <strong>and</strong> Barroso. J.B. 2002. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant systems <strong>and</strong> nitric oxide in peroxisomes. J. Exp. Bot., 53: 1255–1272. Dixon, R., Harrison, M., <strong>and</strong> Lamb, C. 1994. Early events in the activation <strong>of</strong> plant defence responses. Annl. Rev. Phytopathol., 32: 479–501 Dixon, R. <strong>and</strong> Paiva, N. 1995. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell, 7: 1085–1097. Droillard, M.J., Paulin, A., <strong>and</strong> Massot, J.C. 1987. Free radical production, catalase, <strong>and</strong> superoxide dismutase activities <strong>and</strong> membrane integrity during senescence <strong>of</strong> petal <strong>of</strong> cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus). Physiol. Plant., 71: 197–202. Duval, B. <strong>and</strong> Shetty, K. 2000. The stimulation <strong>of</strong> phenolics <strong>and</strong> antioxidant activity in pea (Pisum sativum) elicited by genetically transformed anise root extract. J. Food Biochem., 25: 361–377. Fonseca, V. 2003. Clinical significance <strong>of</strong> targeting postpr<strong>and</strong>ial <strong>and</strong> fasting hyperglycemia in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 19: 635–641. Foti, M., Piattelli, M., Amico, V., <strong>and</strong> Ruberto, G. 1994. Antioxidant activity <strong>of</strong> phenolic meroditerpenoids from marine algae. J. Photochem. Photobiol., 26: 159–164. Foyer, C.H., Descurvieres, P., <strong>and</strong> Kunert, K.J. 1994. Protection against oxygen radicals: an important defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ., 17: 507–523. Frenkel, C. 1978. Role <strong>of</strong> hydroperoxides in the onset <strong>of</strong> senescence processes in plant tissues. In: <strong>Postharvest</strong> <strong>Biology</strong> <strong>and</strong> Biotechnology (eds, H.O. Hultin <strong>and</strong> M. Milner), Food <strong>and</strong> Nutrition Press, Wesport, Spychalla, pp. 433–448. Hagedorn, C.H. <strong>and</strong> Phang, J.M. 1983. Transfer <strong>of</strong> reducing equivalents into mitochondria by the interconversions <strong>of</strong> proline <strong>and</strong> α-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Arch Biochem. Biophysics., 225: 95–101. Hahlbrock, K. <strong>and</strong> Scheel D. 1989. Physiology <strong>and</strong> molecular biology <strong>of</strong> phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Mol. Biol., 40: 347–369. Han, J.H. 2000. Antimicrobial food packaging. Food Technol., 54: 56–65.
356 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Hare, P.D. <strong>and</strong> Cress, W.A. 1997. Metabolic implications <strong>of</strong> stress induced proline accumulations in plants. Plant Growth Regul., 21: 79–102. Harris, M.I. <strong>and</strong> Zimmer, P. 1992. Classification <strong>of</strong> diabetes mellitus <strong>and</strong> other categories <strong>of</strong> glucose intolerance. In: International Textbook <strong>of</strong> Diabetes Mellitus (eds, Alberti et al.), John Wiley, London, pp. 3–18. Helig, C.W., Concepcion, L.A., Riser, B.L., Freytag, S.O., Zhu, M., <strong>and</strong> Cortes, P. 1995. Overexpression <strong>of</strong> glucose transporters in rat mesangial cells cultured in a normal glucose milieu mimics the diabetic phenotype. J Clin Invest., 96: 1802–1814. Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, J.A., Ferrer, M.A., Jimenez, A., Ros-barcelo, A., <strong>and</strong> Sevilla, F. 2001. Antioxidant systems <strong>and</strong> O − 2 /H 2O 2 production in the apoplast <strong>of</strong> Pisum sativum L. leaves: its relation with NaCl induced necrotic lesions in minor veins. Plant Physiol., 127: 817–831. Hertog, M. <strong>and</strong> Feskens, E. 1993. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids <strong>and</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> coronary heart disease. Lancet, 342: 1007–1011. Hertog, M., Kromhout, D., Aravanis, C., Blacburn, H., Buzina, R., Fridanza, F., Giampaoli, S., Jansen, A., Menotti, A., Nedeljkovic, S., Pekkarinen, M., Simic, B.S., Toshima, H., Feskens, E.J.M., Hollman, P.C.H., <strong>and</strong> Kattan, M.B. 1995. Flavonoid intake <strong>and</strong> long-term risk <strong>of</strong> coronary heart disease <strong>and</strong> cancer in the seven counties study. Arch. Intern. Med., 155: 381–386. Hertog, M.G.L., Hollman, P.C.H., <strong>and</strong> Katan, M.B. 1992. Content <strong>of</strong> potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids <strong>of</strong> 28 vegetables <strong>and</strong> 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s. J Agric Food Chem., 40: 2379–2383. Himejima, M. <strong>and</strong> Kubo, I. 1993. Fungicidal activity <strong>of</strong> polygodial in combination with anethol <strong>and</strong> indole against C<strong>and</strong>ida albicans. J. Agric. Food Chem., 41: 1776–1779. Hodges, D.M., Andrews, C.J., Johnson, D.A., <strong>and</strong> Hamilton, R.I. 1996. Antioxidant compound responses to chilling stress in differentially sensitive inbred maize lines. Phyiologia plantarum, 98: 685–692. Hodges, D.M. <strong>and</strong> Forney, C.F. 2000. The effects <strong>of</strong> ethylene, depressed oxygen <strong>and</strong> elevated carbon dioxide on antioxidant pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> senescing spinach leaves. J. Exp. Bot., 51: 645–655. Horii, S., Fukasse, K., Matsuo, T., Kameda, K., Asano, N., <strong>and</strong> Masui, Y. 1987. Synthesis <strong>and</strong> a-D-glucosidase inhibitory activity <strong>of</strong> N-substituted valiolamine derivatives as potent oral antidiabetic agents. J. Med. Chem., 29: 1038–1046. Howell, A.B. <strong>and</strong> Foxman, B. 2002. Cranberry juice <strong>and</strong> adhesion <strong>of</strong> antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. JAMA, 287: 3082–3083. Howell, A.B., Vorsa, N., Der Marderosian, A., <strong>and</strong> Foo, L.Y. 1998. Inhibition <strong>of</strong> adherence <strong>of</strong> P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial-cell surfaces by proantho-cyanidin extracts from cranberries. N. Engl. J. Med., 339: 1085–1086. Huang, M.T., Lysz, T., Ferraro, T., <strong>and</strong> Conney, A.H. 1992. Inhibitory effects <strong>of</strong> curcumin on tumor promotion <strong>and</strong> arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse epidermis. In: Cancer Chemoprevention (eds, L. Wattenberg, M. Lipkin, C.W. Boone, <strong>and</strong> G.J. Kell<strong>of</strong>), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 375–391. Jimenez, A., Creissen, G., Kular, B., Firmin, J., Robinson, S., Verhoeyen, M., <strong>and</strong> Mullineaux, P. 2002. Changes in oxidative processes <strong>and</strong> components <strong>of</strong> the antioxidant system tomato fruit ripening. Planta, 214: 751–758. Jimenez, A., Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, J.A., Pastori, G., Del Rio, L.A., <strong>and</strong> Sevilla, F. 1998. Role for the ascorbate-glutathione cycle <strong>of</strong> mitochondria <strong>and</strong> peroxisomes in the senescence <strong>of</strong> pea leaves. Plant Physiol., 118: 1327–1335. Jimenez, A., Romojaro, F., Gomez, J.M., Llanos, M.R., <strong>and</strong> Sevilla, F. 2003. Antioxidant systems <strong>and</strong> their relationship with the response <strong>of</strong> pepper fruits to storage at 20 ◦ C. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 6293–6299. Jitoe, A., Masuda, T., Tengah, G.P., Suprapta, D.N., Gara, I.W., <strong>and</strong> Nakatani, N. 1992. Antioxidant activity <strong>of</strong> tropical ginger extracts <strong>and</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> the contained curcuminoids. J. Agric. Food Chem, 40: 1337–1340. Jorgensen, L.V., Madsen, H.L., Thomsen, M.K., Dragsted, L.O., <strong>and</strong> Skibsted, L.H. 1999. Regulation <strong>of</strong> phenolic antioxidants from phenoxyl radicals: an ESR <strong>and</strong> electrochemical study <strong>of</strong> antioxidant hierarchy. Free Radical Res., 30: 207–220. Kaiser, N., Sasson, S., Feener, E.P., Boukobza-Vardi, N., Higashi, S., Moller, D.E., Davidheiser, S., Przybylski, R.J., <strong>and</strong> King, G.L. 1993. Differential regulation <strong>of</strong> glucose transport <strong>and</strong> transporters by glucose in vascular endothelial <strong>and</strong> smooth muscle cells. Diabetes, 42: 80–89. 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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,