THE BREAKDOWN OF CELL WALL COMPONENTS 189 Gao, Z. <strong>and</strong> Schaffer, A.A. 1999. A novel alkaline α-galactosidase from melon fruit with a substrate preference for raffinose. Plant Physiol., 119: 979–988. Giovannoni, J.J., DellaPenna, D., Bennett, A.B., <strong>and</strong> Fischer, R.L. 1989. Expression <strong>of</strong> a chimeric polygalacturonase gene in transgenic rin (ripening inhibitor) tomato fruit results in polyuronide degradation but not fruit s<strong>of</strong>tening. Plant Cell, 1: 53–63. Gonzalez-Aguilar, G., Wang, C.Y., <strong>and</strong> Buta, G.J. 2004. UV-C irradiation reduces breakdown <strong>and</strong> chilling injury <strong>of</strong> peaches during cold storage. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84: 415–422. Grasdalen, H., Andersen, A.K., <strong>and</strong> Larsen, B. 1996. NMR spectroscopy studies <strong>of</strong> the action pattern <strong>of</strong> tomato pectinesterase: generation <strong>of</strong> block structure in pectin by a multiple-attack mechanism. Carbohydr. Res., 289: 105–114. Green, R. <strong>and</strong> Fluhr, R. 1995. UV-B-induced PR-1 accumulation is mediated by active oxygen species. Plant Cell, 7: 203–212. Grignon, C. <strong>and</strong> Sentenac, H. 1991. pH <strong>and</strong> ionic conditions in the apoplast. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 42: 103–128. Gross, K.C. 1984. Fractionation <strong>and</strong> partial characterization <strong>of</strong> cell walls from normal <strong>and</strong> non-ripening mutant tomato fruit. Physiol. Plant., 62: 25–32. Gross, K.C. <strong>and</strong> Sams, C.E. 1984. Changes in cell wall neutral sugar composition during fruit ripening: a species survey. Phytochemistry, 23: 2457–2461. Gross, K.C., Watada, A.E., Kang, M.S., Kim, S.D., Kim, K.S., <strong>and</strong> Lee, S.W. 1986. Biochemical changes associated with the ripening <strong>of</strong> hot pepper fruit. Physiol. Plant., 66: 31–36. Hall, L.N., Tucker, G.A., Smith, C.J.S., Watson, C.F., Seymour, G.B., Bundick, Y., Boniwell, J.M., Fletcher, J.D., Ray, J.A., Schuch, W., Bird, C., <strong>and</strong> Grierson, D. 1993. Antisense inhibition <strong>of</strong> pectin esterase gene expression in transgenic tomatoes. Plant J., 3: 121–129. H<strong>and</strong>a, A.K., Srivastava, A., Datsenka, T., <strong>and</strong> Macintyre, L.M. 2007. Transcriptional regulation during tomato fruit development: identification <strong>of</strong> novel genes involved in fruit ripening. Acta Horticulturae, 745: 437– 447. Harker, F.R. <strong>and</strong> Hallett, I.C. 1992. Physiological changes associated with development <strong>of</strong> mealiness <strong>of</strong> apple fruit during cool storage. HortScience, 27: 1291–1294. Harker, F.R. <strong>and</strong> Maindonald, J.H. 1994. Ripening <strong>of</strong> nectarine fruit (changes in the cell wall, vacuole <strong>and</strong> membranes detected using electrical impedance measurements). Plant Physiol., 106: 165–171. Harker, F.R., Redgwell, R.J., Hallett, I.C., Murray, S.H., <strong>and</strong> Carter, G. 1997. Texture <strong>of</strong> fresh fruit. Hort. Reviews, 20: 121–224. Harriman, R.W., Tieman, D.M., <strong>and</strong> H<strong>and</strong>a, A.K. 1991. Molecular cloning <strong>of</strong> tomato pectin methylesterase gene <strong>and</strong> its expression in Rutgers, ripening inhibitor, nonripening, <strong>and</strong> Never Ripe tomato fruits. Plant Physiol., 97: 80–87. Harpster, M.H., Brummell, D.A., <strong>and</strong> Dunsmuir, P. 2002a. Suppression <strong>of</strong> a ripening-related endo-1,4-β-glucanase in transgenic pepper fruit does not prevent depolymerization <strong>of</strong> cell wall polysaccharides during ripening. Plant Mol.Biol., 50: 345–355. Harpster, M.H., Dawson, D.M., Nevins, D.J., Dunsmuir, P., <strong>and</strong> Brummell, D.A. 2002b. Constitutive overexpression <strong>of</strong> a ripening-related pepper endo-1,4-β-glucanase in transgenic tomato fruit does not increase xyloglucan depolymerization or fruit s<strong>of</strong>tening. Plant Mol.Biol., 50: 357–369. Hiwasa, K., Nakano, R., Hashimoto, A., Matsuzaki, M., Murayama, H., Inaba A., <strong>and</strong> Kubo, Y. 2004. European, Chinese <strong>and</strong> Japanese pear fruits exhibit differential s<strong>of</strong>tening characteristics during ripening. J. Exp. Bot., 55: 2281–2290. Huber, D.J. 1984. Strawberry fruit s<strong>of</strong>tening: the potential roles <strong>of</strong> polyuronides <strong>and</strong> hemicelluloses. J. Food Sci., 49: 1310–1315. Ingham, L.M., Parker, M.L., <strong>and</strong> Waldron, K.W. 1998. Peroxidase—changes in soluble <strong>and</strong> bound forms during maturation <strong>and</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong> apples. Physiol. Plant., 102: 93–100. Itai, A., Ishihara, K., <strong>and</strong> Bewley, J.D. 2003. Characterization <strong>of</strong> expression, <strong>and</strong> cloning <strong>of</strong> beta-D-xylosidase <strong>and</strong> alpha-L-arabin<strong>of</strong>uranosidase in developing <strong>and</strong> ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 2615–2622. Iwai, H., Ishii, T., <strong>and</strong> Satoh, S. 2001. Absence <strong>of</strong> arabinan in the side chains <strong>of</strong> the pectic polysaccharides strongly associated with cell walls <strong>of</strong> Nicotiana plumbaginifolia non-organogenic callus with loosely attached constituent cells. Planta, 213: 907–915. Jagadeesh, B.H., Prabha, T.N., <strong>and</strong> Srinivasan, K. 2004a. Activities <strong>of</strong> beta-hexosaminidase <strong>and</strong> alpha-mannosidase during development <strong>and</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong> bell capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. variata). Plant Sci., 167: 1263– 1271.
190 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Jagadeesh, B.H., Prabha, T.N., <strong>and</strong> Srinivasan, K. 2004b. Activities <strong>of</strong> glycosidases during fruit development <strong>and</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong> tomato (Lycopersicum esculantum L.): implication in fruit ripening. Plant Sci., 166: 1451–1459. Jiang, Y.M., Joyce, D.C., <strong>and</strong> Macnish, A.J. 2002. S<strong>of</strong>tening response <strong>of</strong> banana fruit treated with 1- methylcyclopropene to high temperature exposure. Plant Growth Regul., 36: 7–11. Jimenez, A., Rodriguez, R., Fern<strong>and</strong>ez-Caro, I., Guillen, R., Fern<strong>and</strong>ez-Bolanos, J., <strong>and</strong> Heredia, A. 2001. Olive fruit cell wall: degradation <strong>of</strong> pectic oligosaccharides during ripening. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49: 409–415. Jimenez, A., Sanchezromero, C., Guillen, R., Fern<strong>and</strong>ezbolanos, J., <strong>and</strong> Heredia, A. 1998. Solubilization <strong>of</strong> cell wall polysaccharides from olive fruits into treatment liquids during spanish green olive processing. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46: 4376–4381. Jiménez-Bermúdez, S., Redondo-Nevado, J., Muñoz-Blanco, J., Caballero, J.L., López-Ar<strong>and</strong>a, J.M., Valpuesta, V., Pliego-Alfaro, F., Quesada, M.A., <strong>and</strong> Mercado, J.A. 2002. Manipulation <strong>of</strong> fruit s<strong>of</strong>tening by antisense expression <strong>of</strong> a pectate lyase gene. Plant Physiol., 128: 751–759. Jones, L., Milne, J.L., Ashford, D., <strong>and</strong> McQueen-Mason, S.J. 2003. Cell wall arabinan is essential for guard cell function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100: 11783–11788. Kalamaki, M.S., Harpster, M.H., Palys, J.M., Labavitch, J.M., Reid, D.S., <strong>and</strong> Brummell, D.A. 2003. Simultaneous transgenic suppression <strong>of</strong> LePG <strong>and</strong> LeExp1 influences rheological properties <strong>of</strong> juice <strong>and</strong> concentrates from a processing tomato variety. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 7456–7464. Karakurt, Y. <strong>and</strong> Huber, D.J. 2002. Cell wall-degrading enzymes <strong>and</strong> pectin solubility <strong>and</strong> depolymerization in immature <strong>and</strong> ripe watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit in response to exogenous ethylene. Physiol. Plant., 116: 398–405. Karakurt, Y. <strong>and</strong> Huber, D.J. 2003. Activities <strong>of</strong> several membrane <strong>and</strong> cell-wall hydrolases, ethylene biosynthetic enzymes, <strong>and</strong> cell wall polyuronide degradation during low-temperature storage <strong>of</strong> intact <strong>and</strong> fresh-cut papaya (Carica papaya) fruit. <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 28: 219–229. Karakurt, Y. <strong>and</strong> Huber, D.J. 2004. Ethylene-induced gene expression, enzyme activities, <strong>and</strong> water soaking in immature <strong>and</strong> ripe watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit. J Plant Physiol., 161: 381–388. Koch, J.L. <strong>and</strong> Nevins, D.J. 1989. Tomato fruit cell wall. 1. Use <strong>of</strong> purified tomato polygalacturonase <strong>and</strong> pectinmethylesterase to identify developmental changes in pectins. Plant Physiol., 91: 816–822. Kondo, S., Nimitkeatkai, H., <strong>and</strong> Kanlayanarat, S. 2002. Cell wall metabolism during development <strong>of</strong> rambutan fruit. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 77: 300–304. Kovacs, E. <strong>and</strong> Keresztes, A. 2002. Effect <strong>of</strong> gamma <strong>and</strong> UV-B/C radiation on plant cells. Micron, 33: 199–210. Kramer, M., S<strong>and</strong>ers, R., Bolkan, H., Waters, C., Sheehy, R.E., <strong>and</strong> Hiatt, W.R. 1992. <strong>Postharvest</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> transgenic tomatoes with reduced levels <strong>of</strong> polygalacturonase: processing, firmness <strong>and</strong> disease resistance. <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 1: 241–255. Labavitch, J.M. 1981. Cell wall turnover in plant development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 32: 385–406. Langley, K.R., Martin, A., Stenning, R., Murray, A.J., Hobson, G.E., Schuch, W.W., <strong>and</strong> Bird, C.R. 1994. Mechanical <strong>and</strong> optical assessment <strong>of</strong> the ripening <strong>of</strong> tomato fruit with reduced PG activity. J. Sci. Food Agric., 66: 547–554. Lashbrook, C.C., Giovannoni, J.J., Hall, B.D., <strong>and</strong> Bennett, A.B. 1998. Transgenic analysis <strong>of</strong> tomato endo-β-1, 4-glucanase gene function. Role <strong>of</strong> cel1 in floral abscission. Plant J., 13: 303–310. Lashbrook, C., Gonzalez-Bosch, C., <strong>and</strong> Bennett, A.B. 1994. Two divergent endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes exhibit overlapping expression in ripening fruit <strong>and</strong> abscising flowers. Plant Cell, 6: 1485–1493. Lazan, H., Ng, S.Y., Goh, L.Y., <strong>and</strong> Ali, Z.M. 2004. Papaya beta-galactosidase/galactanase is<strong>of</strong>orms in differential cell wall hydrolysis <strong>and</strong> fruit s<strong>of</strong>tening during ripening. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42: 847–853. Li, Y., Jones, L., <strong>and</strong> McQueen-Mason, S. 2003. Expansins <strong>and</strong> cell growth. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 6(6): 603–610. Liu, J., Stevens, C., Khan, V.A., Lu, J.Y., Wilson, C.L., Adeyeye, O., Kabwe, M.K., Pusey, P.L., Chalutz, E., Sultana, T., <strong>and</strong> Droby, S. 1993. Application <strong>of</strong> ultraviolet-C light on storage rots <strong>and</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong> tomatoes. J. Food Prot., 56: 868–872. Lurie, S., Levin, A., Greve, L.C., <strong>and</strong> Labavitch, J.M. 1994. Pectic polymer change in nectarines during normal <strong>and</strong> abnormal ripening. Phytochemistry, 36: 11–17. Lurie, S., Zhou, H.W., Lers, A., Sonego, L., Alex<strong>and</strong>rov, S., <strong>and</strong> Shomer, I. 2003. Study <strong>of</strong> pectin esterase <strong>and</strong> changes in pectin methylation during normal <strong>and</strong> abnormal peach ripening. Physiol. Plant., 119(2): 287–294. Luza, J.G., Gorsel, R., van-Polito, V.S., <strong>and</strong> Kader, A.A. 1992. Chilling injury in peaches: a cytochemical <strong>and</strong> ultrastructural cell wall study. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117(1): 114–118. Maclachlan, G. <strong>and</strong> Brady, C. 1994. Endo-1,4-β-glucanase, xyloglucanase <strong>and</strong> xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activities versus potential substrates in ripening tomatoes. Plant Physiol., 105: 965–974. Maharaj, R., Arul, J., <strong>and</strong> Nadeau, P. 1993. Photochemical Therapy in the Preservation <strong>of</strong> Fresh Tomatoes by Delaying Senescence. Paper read at Annual Meeting <strong>of</strong> Institute <strong>of</strong> Food Technologists, Chicago, Illinois.
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 361 the
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 363 Rese
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 365 Tabl
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 367 Toma
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 369 Such
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RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS 371 Gian
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Chapter 18 Biotechnological Approac
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 375 tec
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 377 pro
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 379 suc
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 381 Fla
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 383 adm
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 385 wer
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 387 Bar
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 389 Kik
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 391 Tat
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,