Postharvest Biology and Technology of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers

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POSTHARVEST ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC PHYTOCHEMICALS IN APPLES 349 Pentose phosphate pathway Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate NADP + G6PDH NADPH 6-Phospho-glucono- -lactone NADP + NADPH Ribulose-5-phosphate Cytosol Proline P-5-C PDH P5C reductase Glutamate kinase Glutamate Mitochondria Proline P-5-C Glutamate e − e − Ribose-5-phosphate -KG Erythrose-4-phosphate TCA Fig. 16.5 Proline synthesis coupled to the pentose phosphate pathway. G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; PDH, proline dehydrogenase; P-5-C, 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle. An alternative model for coupling proline synthesis with the PPP has been proposed where proline biosynthesis in response to stress can manage energy and reductant needs of anabolic pathways (Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004). This active metabolic role of proline could have implications for plant senescence where proline can act as an antioxidant or stimulate phenolic-linked antioxidant response (Smirnoff and Cumbes, 1989; Reddy and Veeranjaneyulu, 1991; Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004). Proline is synthesized via the reduction of glutamate to 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), which is further reduced to proline, with both reactions using NADPH as a reductant (Hagedorn and Phang, 1983; Phang, 1985; Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004; Fig. 16.5). Since the reduction of P5C in the cytosol requires NADPH, an increase in the proline synthesis would result in a reduction in the NADPH/NADP + ratio, which has been shown to activate G6PDH (Lendzian, 1980; Copeland and Turner, 1987). G6PDH catalyzes the first rate-limiting step in the PPP; therefore, it is possible that during the postharvest storage period, different stress factors induce proline synthesis, which in turn stimulates the PPP (Shetty, 2004; Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004). This stimulation of the PPP would result in more essential reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH for efficient antioxidant enzyme response. The PPP stimulation would also make more sugar phosphate precursors, which along with the NADPH produced can support pathways for the synthesis of antioxidants, phenolic phytochemicals, and other protective compounds (Shetty, 2004; Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004). The proline synthesized can function as an alternative reductant (in place of NADH) in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP (Phang, 1985; Shetty, 2004; Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004) where proline dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyzes the first reaction of proline oxidation to
350 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Mitochondria proline e − e − Inner membrane space PDH P-5-C Glutamate (Proline dehydrogenase) Alternative oxidative phosphorylation under oxidation stress with Indole phenolic antioxidants B. Tryptophan Inner membrane e − IAA Proline P-5-C Glutamate Cinnamate Mitochondrial matrix Phenolics 2H + e − O2 2H + 2H + e − / 2 O 2 2H + H + pH gradient OH - H + electrochemical OH - H + OH - gradient H 2 O 2H + ATPase 3ATP 2H + Reactions of phenolic Radical on the membrane -Signaling -Transport mobilization -C-transport stimulation -Transport inhibition, etc. − O Receptor Chloroplast/Cytosol NADP + NADPH NADP + Chorismate Shikimate Pathway Phenylalanine Proline (Replacing NADH) COO − Reactive oxygen NADPH Sugar phosphates for anabolic reactions Glucose Glucos-6-P G6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) 6-Phospho-glucose--lactone Erythrose-4-P Ribulos-5-P 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Ribos-5-P PRP Purine Phenylpropanoid pathway Adenine DNA/RNA, ATP Guanine Phenolic Antioxidant Cytokinin GST/PO/SOD with phenolics initiate antioxidant response and scavenge free radicals with NADPH from proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway Organelle nuclear vacuole and cytosolic reactions Phenolic radical reactions on the membrane and cell wall can involve peroxidase-induced polymerization Phenolic radical (Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate) H + induced prolin-linked pentose phosphate pathway Proton/hydride ions (hyperacidification) H + H + H + H + H + H + Fig. 16.6 Proline-linked pentose phosphate pathways for phenolic synthesis and efficient antioxidant response (Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004). P5C and linking the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. P5C is then hydrolyzed nonenzymatically and oxidized to glutamate by the NAD-dependent P5C dehydrogenase. Following oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase, it flows into the TCA cycle through α-ketoglutarate to generate NADH for oxidative phosphorylation or recycled back into the cytosol (Hare and Cress, 1997; Shetty and Wahlqvist, 2004; Krishnan and Becker, 2006; Fig. 16.6).
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Postharvest Biology and Technology
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Edition first published 2008 c○ 2
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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COMMON FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS,
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Chapter 3 Biochemistry of Fruits Go
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 21 et al., 2
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 23 3.2.2 Lip
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 25 exposure
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 27 isoform o
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 29 Maltose
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 31 content i
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 33 control.
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 35 range fro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 37 six (gluc
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 39 Ethylene
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 41 3.3.3 Pro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 43 component
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Phenylalanine Phenylalanine ammonia
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 47 coloratio
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 49 Fluhr, R.
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Chapter 4 Biochemistry of Flower Se
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FLOWER SENESCENCE 5
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PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH DURING PLANT
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(a) (a′) (b) (b′) (c) (d) Fig.
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Chapter 6 Ethylene Perception and G
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ETHYLENE PERCEPTION AND GENE EXPRES
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Chapter 7 Enhancing Postharvest She
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ENHANCING POSTHARVEST SHELF LIFE AN
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THE BREAKDOWN OF CELL WALL COMPONEN
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Table 8.3 Transgenic genetics to de
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Chapter 9 Structural Deterioration
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PHOSPHOLIPASE D, MEMBRANE DETERIORA
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Fig. 9.3 Fracture face of a fully o
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PHOSPHOLIPASE D INHIBITION TECHNOLO
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HEAT TREATMENT FOR ENHANCING POSTHA
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 261 mainly
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 263 Table 1
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 265 Pentose
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 267 Phenyla
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 269 3' OH H
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 271 OH OH O
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 273 compoun
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 275 washing
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 277 (Fujita
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 279 Boyer,
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 281 Peschel
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ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN FRUITS A
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,
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