Postharvest Biology and Technology of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers

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POLYAMINES AND REGULATION OF RIPENING AND SENESCENCE 331 components or other anionic sites on membranes (Hong and Lee, 1996). PAs bind, and stabilize membranes and proton-secreting systems of oat protoplasts (Galston and Kaur- Sawhney, 1995). In senescing barley and oat leaves, external application of PAs stabilized thylakoid membranes and prevented chlorophyll loss (Popovic et al., 1989; Besford et al., 1993). Exogenous application of Spd to barley leaf discs inhibited RNase activity, loss of chlorophyll, and protein degradation from thylakoid membranes, thus stabilizing them during senescence (Legocka and Zajchert, 1999). Reduction in loss of chlorophyll and reduced levels of malondialdehyde in oat leaves supplied with Spd, Spm, diaminopropane, and guazatine (an inhibitor of PAs oxidase) suggested an anti-senescence role of PAs through inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Borrell et al., 1997). PAs conjugated to Ca 2+ -dependent transamidating enzymes, TGases, play an important role in preventing senescence by stabilizing proteins. TGases catalyze the formation of cross-linkages between glutaminyl- and lysyl-residues or between glutaminyl-residues and PAs, thus forming mono- or bis-PA derivatives. Transglutaminase activity measured in terms of formation of mono- and bis-derivatives of Put and bis-derivatives of Spd from corolla of undetached flowers of Nicotiana tabacum indicated an increase in mono-PAs and a decrease in bis-derivatives during early senescence. Also, application of Spm to excised flowers delayed senescence and cell death while increasing mono-Put (Serafini-Fracassini et al., 2002). 15.11.4 Polyamines and gene expression PAs can alter gene expression both at the transcriptional as well as the translational level. PA depletion may stabilize mRNA due to lack of Spd for post-translational modification of eIF5A, an important factor involved in mRNA turnover (Mehta et al., 1991; Veress et al., 2000). In E. coli, PAs influence proteins synthesis at the level of translation through the PA modulon (Yoshida et al., 2004; Igarashi and Kashiwagi, 2006). Expression of certain genes including transcription factors constituting the PA modulon is altered by PAs at the level of translation. Microarray analysis of a PA-requiring E. coli mutant showed that a large number of genes involved in cellular processes such as central intermediary metabolism, energy metabolism, iron, and zinc transport processes were upregulated by PAs. The PA modulon influenced 58 of the 309 upregulated genes. Genes downregulated by PAs were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriers (Yoshida et al., 2004; Igarashi and Kashiwagi, 2006). Genes associated with different stress signaling pathways such as transcription factors involved in salt, cold, and dehydration responses were downregulated in plants overexpressing ADC. Additionally, AtGA20ox1, AtGA3ox1, and AtGA3ox3 genes involved in GA biosynthesis and pathogen response were upregulated (Alcazar et al., 2005). Under chilling stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing SpdSyn showed upregulation of many genes including transcription factors involved in chilling tolerance. Other genes upregulated in these transgenic plants encode protein kinases, calmodulin-related proteins, cytochrome P450, and peroxidases. However, most of the downregulated genes did not appear to be related to stress tolerance (Kasukabe et al., 2004). NMR spectroscopy–based metabolite profiling revealed distinct metabolite trends in high polyamine transgenic tomato fruits, overexpressing SAM decarboxylase compared to control fruits. Gln, Asn, choline, citrate, fumarate, malate, and an unidentified compound
332 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Amino acid biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis ribosomal stability Transcription Protein degradation Protein turn-over Chaperone Protein stability Stress response Ethylene synthesis Ethylene action Signal transduction Polyamines Spd/Spm Nitrogen sensing/signaling carbon metabolism Isoprenoid, carotenoid Flavonoid biosynthesis Respiration Polyamine biosynthesis Transport Interactions Upregulated genes Upregulated metabolism Possible interactions Downregulated genes Downregulated metabolism Fig. 15.2 Diagrammatic representation of pathways/process regulated by Spd/Spm in tomato fruit as revealed by macroarray analysis metabolic profiling in tomato. (Redrawn from Srivastava et al., 2007.) A accumulated, while the levels of Val, Asp, sucrose, and glucose decreased in the red transgenic fruit compared to the control red fruit. These results indicated that pathways involved in nitrogen sensing/signaling and carbon metabolism are preferentially activated in transgenics with high Spd/Spm but low Put (Mattoo et al., 2006). Transcriptome analyses of these transgenics indicated upregulation of over 20% genes representing many different anabolic pathways, supporting an anti-senescence role of PAs (Srivastava et al., 2007). Most of the differentially expressed genes represented functional categories involved in transcription, translation, signal transduction, chaperone activity, stress responses, amino acid biosynthesis, ethylene biosynthesis and action, PA biosynthesis, and isoprenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Figure 15.2 illustrates a composite of transcriptome analysis and altered metabolite profiles. Taken together, these results show that PAs significantly enhance anabolic pathways and thus may act as anabolic growth regulator(s) in plants (Mattoo et al., 2007; Srivastava et al., 2007). 15.12 Concluding remarks Biological revolution led by merging genetics with biotechnology and pyramiding of genes is a promising development that will create designer crops with better quality (phytonutrients), longer shelf life, and traits conferring resistance to postharvest pathogens and abiotic
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Postharvest Biology and Technology
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Edition first published 2008 c○ 2
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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xii PREFACE difficult to find a boo
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Chapter 1 Postharvest Biology and T
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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COMMON FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS,
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Chapter 3 Biochemistry of Fruits Go
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 21 et al., 2
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 23 3.2.2 Lip
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 25 exposure
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 27 isoform o
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 29 Maltose
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 31 content i
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 33 control.
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 35 range fro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 37 six (gluc
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 39 Ethylene
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 41 3.3.3 Pro
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 43 component
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Phenylalanine Phenylalanine ammonia
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 47 coloratio
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUITS 49 Fluhr, R.
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Chapter 4 Biochemistry of Flower Se
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF FLOWER SENESCENCE 5
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PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH DURING PLANT
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(a) (a′) (b) (b′) (c) (d) Fig.
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Chapter 6 Ethylene Perception and G
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ETHYLENE PERCEPTION AND GENE EXPRES
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Chapter 7 Enhancing Postharvest She
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ENHANCING POSTHARVEST SHELF LIFE AN
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THE BREAKDOWN OF CELL WALL COMPONEN
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Table 8.3 Transgenic genetics to de
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Chapter 9 Structural Deterioration
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PHOSPHOLIPASE D, MEMBRANE DETERIORA
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Fig. 9.3 Fracture face of a fully o
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PHOSPHOLIPASE D INHIBITION TECHNOLO
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HEAT TREATMENT FOR ENHANCING POSTHA
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 261 mainly
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 263 Table 1
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 265 Pentose
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 267 Phenyla
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 269 3' OH H
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 271 OH OH O
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 273 compoun
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 275 washing
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 277 (Fujita
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THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS 279 Boyer,
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 381 Fla
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 383 adm
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 387 Bar
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 389 Kik
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES 391 Tat
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,
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