POLYAMINES AND REGULATION OF RIPENING AND SENESCENCE 333 stresses. Although a number <strong>of</strong> chemicals, including polyamines, have been reported to improve various desirable traits, more knowledge base is needed in order to apply this technology to create plants precisely tailored to prevent fruit or produce loss normally incurred during harvesting, h<strong>and</strong>ling, transportation, storage, <strong>and</strong> marketing. The focus <strong>of</strong> this chapter has been to explore the role <strong>of</strong> PAs, particularly in influencing processes related to postharvest shelf life <strong>of</strong> produce. Although much information has been generated, clear underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the mechanisms <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> PAs is still in its infancy. Comprehensive information regarding PA uptake, long-distance transport, <strong>and</strong> subcellular localization is not complete. Is the role <strong>of</strong> PAs direct or manifested indirectly through their physical nature <strong>and</strong>/or via other hormones? What are the signal transduction pathways downstream <strong>of</strong> PA recognition, transport, <strong>and</strong> binding to functional components? The emerging technologies should help substantially in addressing the role PAs play in postharvest biology which can, in turn, be applied to increase both quality <strong>and</strong> shelf life <strong>of</strong> fresh produce. These include genetic <strong>and</strong> biochemical approaches involving identification <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> mutants altered in their response to PAs; using biosynthetic inhibitors <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing the mechanism <strong>of</strong> inhibition; recombinant DNA-based transgenic approaches coupled with global gene expression analyses; metabolomics; <strong>and</strong> unraveling cross talks between PAs <strong>and</strong> other plant growth hormones <strong>and</strong> regulators. These studies should ultimately lead to rational design <strong>and</strong> strategic manipulation <strong>of</strong> biotechnological tools for enhancing valuable postharvest traits in fruit <strong>and</strong> vegetable crops. Already steps are in place to lead us into the inner core <strong>of</strong> PAs function, <strong>and</strong> depending on the nature <strong>of</strong> the focus, we may take one step at a time or bypass several by strategizing logarithmic jumps. The dye is cast! Acknowledgments We like to thank Dr Anish Malladi for a critical review <strong>of</strong> this chapter. Polyamine research in AKH <strong>and</strong> AKM laboratories were partly supported by a US-Israel BARD grant to AKH <strong>and</strong> AKM (Grant No. IS-3441-03) <strong>and</strong> a grant from the U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, IFAFS program (Award No. 741740) to AKH. Mention <strong>of</strong> trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose <strong>of</strong> providing specific information <strong>and</strong> does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. References Abeles, G.B., Morgan, P.W., <strong>and</strong> Saltveit, M.E. 1992. Ethylene in Plant <strong>Biology</strong>, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Abu-Kpawoh, J.C., Xi, Y.F., Zhang, Y.Z., <strong>and</strong> Jin, Y.F. 2002. Polyamine accumulation following hot-water dips influences chilling injury <strong>and</strong> decay in “Friar” plum fruit. J. Food Sci., 67: 2649–2653. Agostino, L.D., di Pietro, M., <strong>and</strong> Di Luccia, A. 2005. Nuclear aggregates <strong>of</strong> polyamines are supramolecular structures that play a crucial role in genomic DNA protection <strong>and</strong> conformation. FEBS J., 272: 3777– 3787. Alabadí, D., Agüero, M.S., Pérez-Amador, M.A., <strong>and</strong> Carbonell, J. 1996. Arginase, arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, <strong>and</strong> polyamines in tomato ovaries. Changes in unpollinated ovaries <strong>and</strong> parthenocarpic fruits induced by auxin or gibberellin. Plant Physiol., 112: 1237–1244. Alabadí, D. <strong>and</strong> Carbonell, J. 1998. Expression <strong>of</strong> ornithine decarboxylase is transiently increased by pollination, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaacetic acid, <strong>and</strong> gibberellic acid in tomato ovaries. Plant Physiol., 118: 323–328. Alburquerque, N., Egea, J., Burgos, L., Martínez-Romero, D., Valero, D., <strong>and</strong> Serrano, M. 2006. The influence <strong>of</strong> polyamine s on apricot ovary development <strong>and</strong> fruit set. Ann. Appl. Biol., 149: 27–33. Alcázar, R., Cuevas, J.C., Patron, M., Altabella, T., <strong>and</strong> Tiburcio, A.F. 2006 Abscisic acid modulates polyamine metabolism under water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol. Plant., 128: 448–455.
334 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, & FLOWERS Alcázar, R., García-Martínez, J.L., Cuevas, J.C., Tiburcio, A.F., <strong>and</strong> Altabella, T. 2005. Overexpression <strong>of</strong> ADC2 in Arabidopsis induces dwarfism <strong>and</strong> late-flowering through GA deficiency. Plant J., 43: 425–436. Apelbaum, A., Burgoon, A.C., Anderson, J.D., Lieberman, M., Ben-Arie, R., <strong>and</strong> Mattoo, A.K. 1981. Polyamines inhibit biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> ethylene in higher plant tissue <strong>and</strong> protoplasts. Plant Physiol., 68: 453–456. Apelbaum, A., Canellakis, Z.N., Applewhite, P.B., Kaur-Sawhney R., <strong>and</strong> Galston, A.W. 1988. Binding <strong>of</strong> spermidine to a unique protein in thin-layer tobacco tissue culture. Plant Physiol., 88: 996–998. Armengaud, P., Breitling, R., <strong>and</strong> Amtmann, A. 2004. The potassium-dependent transcriptome <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis reveals a prominent role <strong>of</strong> jasmonic acid in nutrient signalling. Plant Physiol., 136: 2556–2576. Aziz, A. 2003. Spermidine <strong>and</strong> related-metabolic inhibitors modulate sugar <strong>and</strong> amino acid levels in Vitis vinifera L: possible relationship with initial fruitlet abscission. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 355–363. Bagga, S., Rochford, J., Klaene, Z., Kuehn, G.D., <strong>and</strong> Phillips, G.C. 1997. Putrescine aminopropyltransferase is responsible for biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> spermidine, spermine, <strong>and</strong> multiple uncommon polyamines in osmotic stresstolerant alfalfa. Plant Physiol., 114: 445–454. Ben-Arie, R., Lurie, S., <strong>and</strong> Mattoo, A.K. 1982. Temperature-dependent inhibitory effects <strong>of</strong> calcium <strong>and</strong> spermine on ethylene biosynthesis in apple discs correlate with changes in microsomal membrane microviscosity. Plant Sci. Lett., 24: 239–247. Besford, R.T., Richardson, C.M., Campos, J.L., <strong>and</strong> Tiburcio, A.F. 1993. Effect <strong>of</strong> polyamines on stabilization <strong>of</strong> molecular complexes in thylakoid membranes <strong>of</strong> osmotically stressed oat leaves. Planta, 189: 201–206. Bonghi, C., Ferrarese, L., Ruperti, B., Tonutti, P., <strong>and</strong> Ramina, A. 1998. Endo-β-1,4-glucanases are involved in peach fruit growth <strong>and</strong> ripening, <strong>and</strong> regulated by ethylene. Physiol. Plant., 102: 346–352. Borrell, A., Carbonell, L., Farras, R., Puigparellada, P., <strong>and</strong> Tiburcio, A.F. 1997. Polyamines inhibit lipid peroxidation in senescing oat leaves. Physiol. Plant., 99: 385–390. Borrell, A., Culiaííez-Macia, F.A., Altabella, T., Besford, R.T., Flores, D., <strong>and</strong> Tiburcio, A.F. 1995. Arginine decarboxylase is localized in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol., 109: 771–776. Bouchereau, A., Aziz, A., Larher, F., <strong>and</strong> Martin-Tanguy, J. 1999. Polyamines <strong>and</strong> environmental challenges: recent development. Plant Sci., 140: 103–125. Bramley, P.M. 2002. Regulation <strong>of</strong> carotenoid formation during tomato fruit ripening <strong>and</strong> development. J. Exp. Bot., 53: 2107–2113. Bregoli, A.M., Scaramagli, S., Costa, G., Sabatini, E., Ziosi, V., Biondi, S., <strong>and</strong> Torrigiani, P. 2002. Peach (Prunus persica) fruit ripening: aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) <strong>and</strong> exogenous polyamines affect ethylene emission <strong>and</strong> flesh firmness. Physiol. Plant., 114: 472–481. Bregoli, A.M., Ziosi, V., Biondi, S., Claudio, B., Costa, G., <strong>and</strong> Torrigiani, P. 2006. A comparison between intact fruit <strong>and</strong> fruit explants to study the effect <strong>of</strong> polyamines <strong>and</strong> aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on fruit ripening in peach <strong>and</strong> nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batch). <strong>Postharvest</strong> Biol. Technol., 42: 31–40. Brüne, B., Hartzell, P., Nicotera, P., <strong>and</strong> Orrenius, S. 1991. Spermine prevents endonuclease activation <strong>and</strong> apoptosis in thymocytes. Exp. Cell Res., 195: 323–329. Bryson, K. <strong>and</strong> Greenall, R.J. 2000. Binding sites <strong>of</strong> the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine <strong>and</strong> spermine on A- <strong>and</strong> B-DNA located by simulated annealing. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 18: 393–412. Capell, T., Bassie, L., <strong>and</strong> Christou, P. 2004. Modulation <strong>of</strong> the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in transgenic rice confers tolerance to drought stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101: 9909–9914. Capell, T., Escobar, C., Lui, H., Burtin, D., Lepri, O., <strong>and</strong> Christou, P. 1998. Over-expression <strong>of</strong> the oat arginine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) affects normal development patterns in vitro <strong>and</strong> results in putrescine accumulation in transgenic plants. Theor. Appl. Genet., 97: 246–254. Casero, R.A., Jr <strong>and</strong> Marton, L.J. 2007. Targeting polyamine metabolism <strong>and</strong> function in cancer <strong>and</strong> other hyperproliferative diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 6: 373–390. Cassol, T. <strong>and</strong> Mattoo, A.K. 2003. Do polyamines <strong>and</strong> ethylene interact to regulate plant growth, development <strong>and</strong> senescence? In: Molecular Insights in Plant <strong>Biology</strong> (eds, P. Nath, A.K. Mattoo, S.R. Ranade, <strong>and</strong> J.H. Weil), Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH, pp. 121–132. Childs, A.C., Mehta, D.J., <strong>and</strong> Gerner, E.W. 2003. Polyamine-dependent gene expression. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 60: 1394–1406. Christ, M., Harr, J., <strong>and</strong> Felix, H. 1989. Transport <strong>of</strong> polyamines in sugar beet seedlings. Z. Naturforsch., 44c: 59–63. Cohen, E., Heimer, Y.M., <strong>and</strong> Mizrahi, Y. 1982. Ornithine decarboxylase <strong>and</strong> arginine decarboxylase activities in meristematic tissues <strong>of</strong> tomato <strong>and</strong> potato plants. Plant Physiol., 70: 544–546. Cohen, S.S. 1998. A Guide to the Polyamines, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 1–595. Cohen, S.S., Balint, R., <strong>and</strong> Sindhu, R.K. 1981. The synthesis <strong>of</strong> polyamines from methionine in intact <strong>and</strong> disrupted leafprotoplasts <strong>of</strong> virus-infected Chinese cabbage. Plant Physiol., 68: 1150–1155.
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vi CONTENTS 9 Structural Deteriorat
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Contributors Ishan Adyanthaya Depar
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x CONTRIBUTORS Gopinadhan Paliyath
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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POSTHARVEST FACTORS AFFECTING POTAT
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 419 20
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 421 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 423 Ta
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 425 Li
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 427 So
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 429 Pr
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 431 e
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 433 el
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 435 st
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Cl O O O OH Cl O OH Cl Cl Cl 2,4-Di
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 439 O
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BIOSENSOR-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 441 Le
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Chapter 21 Changes in Nutritional Q
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF F
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Index Abscisic acid (ABA), 65, 210,
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INDEX 469 Biosensor-based technolog
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INDEX 471 Cryptochlorogenic acid (4
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INDEX 473 French bean, 95 Fresh-cut
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INDEX 475 LePLDα3 (AY013253), 213-
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INDEX 477 Pectin methylesterase (PM
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INDEX 479 PSY1 expression, 289 PSY1
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INDEX 481 Sugars, biosynthesis of,