130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Estimate Year assessed Reference Global 50,000 ? [5] Europe (excl. Russia, Belarus) 9,000–10,000 2008 [6] % of global population 18% Bohemian-Bavarian 50 2012 [6] Vosges-Palatinian 19 2012 [6] Jura >100 2012 [6] Alpine 130–160 2012 [6] Dinaric 120–130 2012 [6] Balkan 40–50 2012 [6] Carpathian (excl. Ukraine) 2,300–2,400 2012 [6] Scandinavian 1,800–2,300 2012 [6] Karelian (excl. Russia) 2,430–2,610 2012 [6] Baltic (excl. Russia, Belarus) 1,600 2012 [6] Table 2. Latest population estimates for the Eurasian lynx globally, in Europe and for European populations. In addition, there are a number of lynx stemming from more recent introductions, e.g. in the Harz mountains in Germany. the global range. In Europe, the lynx can be found in 10 populations, the largest of which occur in Karelia (excluding Russia, 25%), the Carpathians (excluding Ukraine, 23%), Scandinavia (18%) and the Baltic (15%), which together account for around 81% of European lynx (Table 2). All of these (and the Balkan population) are autochthonous, i.e. not the result of reintroductions [6, 9] . Most European lynx populations are stable or increasing [6] . A population of about 2,500 lynxes occurs in the Karelia region of Finland [6] , which was recolonised from Russia following local extinction by the 1950s [8] . Since then, the population has increased in abundance and range, particularly over the last twenty years and, as a result, now connects with neighbouring populations [8] . The lynx is not fully protected in both countries within this population; it is a game species in Russia and is harvested annually in Finland (59 per year between 1996 and 2001) [8] . One of the largest continuous lynx populations in Europe occurs in the Carpathians [6] . The lynx is stable here and currently strictly protected in all countries within this range, except in Romania, where hunting occurs under derrogation [6] . Despite the complete isolation from other populations, there are no concerns about genetic variation of this population [2] . Having been on the brink of extinction in the early 20 th century, the Scandinavian population now numbers around 2,000 individuals [6] , with the majority occurring in Sweden [10] . Controlled hunting (90 per year between 1996 and 2001 in each country) is carried out due to conflicts where livestock depredation is highest. There is a compensation scheme in place in both Norway and Sweden [8] . The Baltic population is continuous in the northern part of its range (Estonia, northeast Latvia and northern Belarus) [5] but fragmented in the south 106
Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian lynx in 1800 [4] , 1960 [4, 16] and 2010 [5] . Figure 1b. Map highlighting areas of range expansion, persistence and contraction of the Eurasian lynx in Europe between 1960 and 2010. (southern Latvia, Lithuania, rest of Belarus, Poland, Ukraine and Kaliningrad) [8, 11] . Trends are believed to be stable despite being hunted [8] . The highly fragmented populations in the south are a major concern [8] , as they are threatened through limited opportunities for gene exchange [12] . With the Baltic Large Carnivore Initiative cross-border network between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, created in 2000 [8, 10] , a first step towards trans-boundary action was taken. The Balkan population is estimated at less than 50 individuals and occupies a highly fragmented range of less than 6,000 km 2 [2] , and is therefore of the greatest conservation concern [6] . Genetic analyses have shown that it differs from the nearest neighbouring Carpathian lynx population [13] , and it is thus considered a rare subspecies [14, 15] . Threats include limited prey base, illegal killing, wood extraction and infrastructure development [10] . 107
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
Page 58 and 59: Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
Page 60 and 61: 3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
Page 64 and 65: Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
Page 66 and 67: References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
Page 68 and 69: 3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
Page 70 and 71: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75: Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 80 and 81: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
Page 146 and 147: 144
Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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