130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abundance change 1,500 1,000 500 0 >16,929 >11,533 >9,000 279 >2,630 80,648 >50,000 3.9 M 36,780 69,100 2.44 M 9.86 M 719,810 485,580 2,759 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Brown bear Grey wolf Eurasian lynx Iberian lynx Wolverine Grey seal Harbour seal Palearctic Roe deer Red deer Eurasian elk Southern chamois Northern chamois Alpine ibex % abundance change Iberian ibex Wild boar European bison Eurasian beaver Figure 1. Average change in population abundance between 1960 and 2005 for 17 mammal species covered in this study (insufficient data for the Golden jackal), with carnivores on the left and ungulates and beaver on the right. The green bar in the middle is the mean value for the Palearctic region (from [1] ). Left hand axis relates to species with red bars, right hand axis to those with orange bars (Eurasian beaver and European bison). The Iberian lynx has shown signs of comeback since 2005. Whiskers are 95% confidence limits; numbers denote the current European population size. 10,000 35,1565 31,000 907,615 2,081 % abundance change 1,000 100 10 81,600 80,670 29,232 213,690 1,877 3,858 300,000 130,000 2,325 26,179 743 13,291 22,873 9,637 200 27,534 2,128 317 1,397 1 Pink-footed goose (Svalbard) Pink-footed goose (Iceland/Greenland) Barnacle goose (Greenland) Barnacle goose (Svalbard) Barnacle goose (Russian/Baltic) Whooper swan (Icelandic) White-headed duck (Spain only) White stork Eurasian spoonbill (Atlantic) Dalmatian pelican (SE Europe) Common crane (W-European) Common crane (Baltic-Hungarian) Roseate tern Lesser kestrel Saker falcon Peregrine falcon Red kite White-tailed eagle Bearded vulture Griffon vulture Cinereous vulture Spanish imperial eagle Eastern imperial eagle Figure 2. Change in population size (%) of bird species in Europe from the minimum population estimate during the time period for which data were available for each species, showing the current population size in Europe as number of breeding pairs or individuals. 266
12 Yearly growth rates (% per year) 9 6 3 1977 1965 0 Brown bear Grey wolf Eurasian lynx Wolverine Grey seal Harbour seal Roe deer Red deer Eurasian elk Southern chamois Northern chamois Alpine ibex Iberian ibex Wild boar European bison Eurasian beaver Figure 3. Average annual growth rates for mammal species in the study which show resurgence in Europe. Annual growth rates were for the period of 1961 to 2005 in most cases. Red text denotes species with time series data starting later than 1961 (see individual species accounts). Orange bars indicate annual growth rates from the beginning of population recovery (year indicated above bars). Error bars show standard error of the mean. The Iberian lynx (no increase apparent in the data) and Golden jackal (lack of data) were not included in the analysis. Realised yearly growth rate (% per year) 15 12 9 6 3 1965 1951 1960 1947 1959 1986 1977 1984 1995 1994 1977 1984 1977 1990 1990 1970 2000 1970 1999 1986 1996 1974 1970 1 Pink-footed goose (Svalbard) Pink-footed goose (Iceland/Greenland) Barnacle goose (Greenland) Barnacle goose (Svalbard) Barnacle goose (Russian/Baltic) Whooper swan (Icelandic) White-headed duck (Spain only) White stork Eurasian spoonbill (Atlantic) Dalmatian pelican (SE Europe) Common crane (W-European) Common crane (Baltic-Hungarian) Roseate tern Lesser kestrel Saker falcon Peregrine falcon Red kite White-tailed eagle Bearded vulture Griffon vulture Cinereous vulture Spanish imperial eagle Eastern imperial eagle Figure 4. Realised growth rate (% increase per year) of bird species in Europe from the beginning of population recovery (year indicated above bars). 267
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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Page 276 and 277: A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281: Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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Page 284 and 285: The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287: A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289: The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291: species [44] [45] and if animals be
Page 292 and 293: One of the challenges around increa
Page 294 and 295: Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297: Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299: key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301: Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303: Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305: References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307: 113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309: Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
Page 310: Acknowledgements This study on wild
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