130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Summary Background Figure 1. Estimated number of White Stork breeding pairs in Europe, in the eastern and western populations, according to International White Stork Censuses (dots), and trend in the PECBMS population index since 1980 [19] . No. of breeding pairs in Europe 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1934 The White stork declined until the mid-1980s due to poor feeding conditions, caused by adverse climatic conditions in the wintering areas in Africa and changing agricultural practices in Europe. The species has since increased in abundance and expanded its range. Improved food availability in both breeding and wintering areas has contributed to this ongoing recovery, while reintroduction projects have enabled recolonisation of breeding areas. Changes in migration and feeding strategies are driving the large increase in White storks in southwestern Europe. Population changes in eastern Europe are less well understood and may be more dependent on conditions in the wintering areas. 500 1958 1974 1984 1995 2005 2010 400 300 200 100 0 Population index (%) General description of the species The White stork (Ciconia ciconia) is a large charismatic species with close associations to human culture, and is a flagship species for conservation in Europe [1] . It is a seasonal migrant to Europe, arriving in early spring, nesting from March to June [2] , and departing for Africa in August, although some south-western breeders now winter in Iberia. White storks feed on a variety of prey including insects, amphibians, snakes, lizards, small birds, molluscs, crustaceans and small mammals [3] . Distribution in Europe The species is widely distributed, occurring throughout continental Europe, with the majority of the breeding population concentrated in eastern Europe [4] . The present distribution of the species reflects recolonisations and reintroductions in countries where it became extinct in the past, as well as ongoing eastward expansion in eastern Europe [5, 6] . Most authorities recognise two populations [7, 8] . Most birds from eastern Europe (eastern population) migrate to Africa via the Bosphorus and winter in the eastern half of Africa, as far south as the Western Cape in South Africa. Birds from western and southwestern Europe (western population), enter Africa across the Straits of Gibraltar and winter in the northern tropics of West Africa [2, 5] . 180
Habitat preferences In its breeding range in Europe, the White stork inhabits a variety of open habitats in the vicinity of water, including wetland margins, moist grassland, paddy fields, irrigated cropland or pasture. Nest sites are usually elevated on cliff ledges, tree tops, roofs or pylons [2, 3] . Scale Status Justification Global Least Concern (since 1994; was considered Near Threatened in 1988) Extremely large range Increasing population trend Very large population size Europe Depleted (SPEC 2) Increasing but not yet recovered from large EU25 Depleted historical decline Legal protection and conservation status The White stork is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species [9] , under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). The eastern and western populations are currently listed in columns C (category 1) and A (category 3b) in the AEWA action plan, respectively [7] . Abundance: current status and changes The latest International White stork Census (2004/5) estimated the current population size in Europe to be 213,690 breeding pairs (Table 2). In descending order, Poland, Spain, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Portugal hold the largest numbers of breeding White stork, together supporting 82% of the total European population [6] . This highlights the importance of central and eastern Europe and southwestern Europe for the species. A decreasing trend in White stork populations in Europe was noted since the early 1900s [13, 14] and international censuses of White stork breeding populations have been carried out regularly since 1934 [6] . Numbers declined up to 1984 (Figure 1), but trends varied across the breeding range [5, 15] . The western population experienced the most dramatic declines and the species went extinct in parts of its range, including Belgium in 1895 [15] , Sweden in 1950 and Switzerland by 1958 [16] . The eastern population also decreased, but at a lower rate, while in some countries in eastern Europe (Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine) numbers were stable or increased [15, 17] . The recovery of White stork populations became apparent from the 1994/5 census [4] and the trend continued to be positive in the 2004/5 census (Figure 1, Table 2). Growth rates in the western population were higher than in the eastern population, where some populations remained stable (e.g. Belarus and Ukraine). However, in Denmark the decline was ongoing, and the species was declared extinct in 2008 [18] . Distribution: current status and changes Evidence suggests the species was much more widespread in the past. White stork distribution historically probably included most of France [13] , as well as Greece, where the species’ range retreated to the north of the country in the 1800s [22] . There Table 1. Global IUCN Red List status [10] , European population and SPEC status [11] and EU population status [12] of White stork. Figure 2. Current breeding distribution of White stork in Europe and historical distribution in 1949 [13] and in the 1980s [21] . 181
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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