130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Action Description Impact Monitoring and Systematic monitoring in most countries. Medium planning International Species Action Plan in place and national or regional Action Plans in place or in preparation in some countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and the UK). High Site/Area protection Site/Area management There are 641 IBAs identified for Red kite in Europe, of which 52% are fully designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 4% are not protected. Mitigation of the most dangerous powerlines. Buffer zones around nests. Medium Low High Species recovery Supplementary feeding. Medium Species reintroduction Education and awareness Reintroduction projects in Italy (Tuscany and the Marche), Britain and Ireland. Awareness raising for foresters, landowners and public. High Medium Legislation Legally protected in all countries in Europe. High Drivers of recovery Red kites have benefitted from legal protection, monitoring and targeted conservation actions across most of their distribution, including reintroduction projects in Britain and Ireland and in Italy [13] . In order to ensure the survival of Red kite populations, it is critical that the illegal use of poison baits is halted, while the risk of secondary poisoning following rodent control campaigns must also be reduced [13, 14] . Red kite habitat should also be preserved by maintaining low intensity grassland management and ensuring that sanitary regulations do not prevent the availability of livestock carcasses [13, 14] . Table 4. Conservation actions in place for Red kite [14] . 220
References 1. Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. 2001. Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. 2. Lovegrove, R. 1990. The Kite’s Tale – The Story of the Red Kite in Wales. Sandy: RSPB. 3. Carter, I. 2007. The Red Kite. Shrewsbury: Arlequin Press. 4. Aebischer, A. 2009. Der Rotmilan – Ein Faszinierender Greifvogel. Bern: Haupt Verlag. 5. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 6. Mougeot, F., Garcia, J.T. & Viñuela, J. 2011. Breeding biology, behaviour, diet and conservation of the Red Kite (Milvus milvus), with particular emphasis on Mediterranean populations. In I. Zuberogoitia & J.E. Martínez (eds). Ecology and Conservation of European Forest-Dwelling Raptors. Bilbao: Diputación Foral de Bizkaia. 7. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 8. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 9. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 10. Mionnet, A. 2007. The Red Kite in France: Distribution, Population Development and Threats. Vitry-le-François: LPO. 11. Aebischer, A. 2009. Distribution and recent population changes of the Red Kite in the Western Palaearctic – results of a recent comprehensive inquiry. Proceedings of the Red Kite International Symposium, October 2009, France: 12–14. Paris: LPO Mission Rapaces. 12. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 13. BirdLife International. 2013. Species Factsheet: Milvus milvus. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3353 [accessed on 20 August 2013]. 14. Knott, J., Newbery, P. & Barov, B. 2010. Action Plan for the Red Kite Milvus milvus in the European Union. Strasbourg: European Commission. 15. LPO BirdLife France. 2012. 1980–2012 Breeding bird inventory of France. Database. Rochefort: LPO. 16. Mammen, U. 2009. Situation and population development of Red Kites in Germany. In F. David (ed.). Proceedings of the Red Kite International Symposium, October 2009, France: 15–16. Rocheford: LPO. 17. Bank, L. & Balázs, I. 2010. Vörös kánya állományadatok – 2010 [Red Kite Population Data 2010] (in Hungarian). Heliaca 8: 42–43. 18. Golden Eagle Trust. 2013. B3 Flies Free Again in Co. Dublin [press release: 20 August 2013]. Available from: http://raptorpolitics.org. uk/2013/08/20/the-golden-eagle-trust-ltd- 2013-red-kite-report-ireland/ [accessed on 24 August 2013]. 19. Kerus, V. 2013. in litt. 20. Raudonikis, L. 2013. in litt. 21. Lorgé, P. & Melchior, E. 2010. Unpublished data. Vögel Luxemburgs (LNVL). 22. Foppen, R. 2013. in litt. 23. Neubauer, G., Sikora, A., Chodkiewicz, T., Cenian, Z., Chylarecki, P., Archita, B., Betleja, J., Rohde, Z., Wieloch, M., Woźniak, B., Zieliński, P. & M., Z. 2011. Monitoring populacji ptaków Polski w latach 2008–2009. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody 8: 1–40. 24. Puzović, S. & Ružić, M. 2013. in litt. 25. Štátna Ochrana Prírody Slovenskej Republiky. 2013. Vyhodnotenie Stavu Populacie, Trendov. Banská Bystrica: Štátna Ochrana Prírody Slovenskej Republiky. 26. Ottosson, U., Ottvall, R., Elmberg, J., Green, M., Gustafsson, R., Haas, F., Holmqvist, N., Lindström, Å., Nilsson, L., Svensson, M. & Tjernberg, M. 2012. Fåglana i Sverige – antal och förekomst. Halmstad: SOF. 27. Broch, L. & Aebischer, A. 2009. Long term monitoring of breeding Red Kites in Western Switzerland. In F. David (ed.). 2009 Proceedings of the Red Kite International Symposium, October 2009, France: 43–45. Rocheford: LPO. 28. Holling, M. 2013. in litt. 29. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. New York: Nelson. 30. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 31. Evans, I.M. & Pienkowski, M.W. 1991. World status of the Red Kite – a background to the experimental reintroduction to England and Scotland. British Birds 84: 171–187. 32. Ortlieb, R. 1989. Der Rotmilan Milvus milvus. Wittenberg: Ziemsen. 33. Aebischer, A. 2013. in litt. 34. LPO BirdLife France. 2009. Evaluation du plan national d’actions (2003– 2007). Paris: LPO. 35. Smart, J., Amar, A., Sim, I.M.W., Etheridge, B., Cameron, D., Christie, G. & Wilson, J.D. 2010. llegal killing slows population recovery of a re-introduced raptor of high conservation concern – The red kite Milvus milvus. Biological Conservation 143: 1278–1286. 36. BBC. 2013. RSPB fears Red KItes are being poisoned in Northern Ireland. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-northern-ireland-23781921 [accessed on 24 August 2013]. 37. Schaub, M. 2012. Spatial distribution of wind turbines is crucial for the survival of red kite populations. Biological Conservation 155: 111–118. Peer reviewers • Adrian Aebischer • Fabienne David 221
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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