130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Estimate Year assessed Reference Global No data - - Europe 9,860,049 2005 [8, 10–12, 17–32] % of global population No data Albania No data - - Austria 1,050,000 2005 [33] Belarus 51,190 2003 [12] Belgium ~60,000 2006 [34] Bulgaria 71,000 2006 [12] Croatia 41,500 2002 [35] Czech Republic 292,800 2004 [11] Denmark 200,000 2005 [17] Estonia ~50,000 2005 [18] France 1,200,000 2005 [19] Germany ~2,400,000 2010 [20] Greece No data - - Hungary 316,157 2005 [21] Italy 426,000 2005 [22] Latvia ~130,000 2005 [18] Lithuania ~80,000 2005 [18] Luxembourg 24,000 2003 [12] Macedonia 5,000 2002 [12] Moldova 2,300 2002 [12] Montenegro 1,627 2005 [12] Netherlands ~60,000 1992 [23] Norway 90,000 2005 [24] Poland 692,000 2005 [10] Portugal 3,000–5,000 2010 [25] Romania 159,000 2006 [26] Serbia 120,000 2005 [27] Slovakia 80,000–85,000 2010 [28] Slovenia 150,000 2005 [29] Spain 600,000 2005 [30] Sweden 800,000 2010 [31] Switzerland 133,575 2004 [32] Ukraine 120,900 1999 [12] United Kingdom ~450,000 2007 [8] Table 2. Latest population estimates for the Roe deer globally, in Europe and for European populations. No information was available for Albania and Greece. of Corsica [19] . While the species was formerly restricted to forest, colonisation of more open habitats started from the 1980s, leading to marked population recoveries in agrosystems [38] , Mediterranean landscapes [39] and mountainous areas [19] . The hunting bag has steadily increased since the early 1970s, and although 500,000 individuals were culled in 2004, some argue that this Figure should be higher [19] . In Austria, the situation is comparable: as the most common ungulate, the Roe deer occurs in 90% of the country, with a maximum population density of about 40 per km 2 [33] . There has also been a linear increase in the hunting bag [33] . While culling intensity was already high in the early 1960s, particularly in the west of the country, it is now more than 2 per km 2 per year in most administrative districts, with the exception of parts of Tyrol, and the areas around Innsbruck and Vienna [33] . The other main source of mortality are vehicle collisions, which account for around 8% of individuals killed in 2005 [33] . Abundance and distribution: changes According to available range data, the Roe deer was widely distributed in 1900 across an area of around 2,700,000 km 2 covering central Europe from eastern France to Russia (with the exception of Italy and the Balkan peninsula), Scotland, eastern Denmark, southern Sweden and the easternmost part of European Russia (Figure 1a). Phylogeographic analyses indicate that some populations persisted in some small patches in Iberia [40, 41] . This distribution was the result of increases in the latter half of the 19th century which followed declines up to around 1800 [9] . Since then, the species has gained ground, now occupying around 2.2 times its range in 1900 (Figure 1a). Most of this change occurred between 1900 and 1967, when deer distribution almost doubled, spreading outwards from its core central European range (Figure 1a). In Scandinavia, for example, the Roe deer was restricted to a population of around 200 individuals in the southernmost part of Sweden before 1850, but expanded its range after 1850 at a rate of around 12 km per year [24] . A further extension of 25% between 1967 and the present day resulted in the species now reaching across the European continent from Scandinavia into the South of Spain, France and Italy and as far as east of the Caucasus. However, rates of expansion over this time period have varied greatly, both across Europe and at sub-regional levels. In southern Scandinavia, it was of much slower pace despite the fact that habitat was deemed more optimal for the species [42] . Conversely, range expanded by 2.3% per annum between 1972 and 2002 in the United Kingdom, and the species was predicted to spread even further to cover around 79% of mainland Britain within ten years [43] . In addition, positive range change in Spain between the 1960s and the present day is likely to be an underestimation, as the Roe deer was less widespread around its glacial refuges in 1967 than depicted in Figure 1a [41] . The expansion of the species from these areas occurred primarily over the last 30–40 years, especially in the northwest of the country [41] . Range contraction has only occurred at a sub-regional level in the southern extreme of the species’ range in Spain (due to habitat restrictions [41] ) and Italy (Figure 1b). It is in these areas that populations are generally more disjunct than others (Figure 1b). This is a particular concern as populations here are believed to be distinct from the European clade since the last glaciation [22, 30] and may be seriously compromised from a genetic point of view [22] . The overall positive trend is also reflected in the change in population size. Monitored 68
Figure 1a. Distribution of Roe deer in 1900 [2, 9] , 1967 [46] and 2008 [3] . Question marks are areas where the species persisted into the 20 th century after the last glacial maximum, and from which it recolonised the Iberian peninsula [40, 41] . Please note that the map for 1900 is at the country level and thus of lower resolution. By 1967, the deer was more widespread in Scotland and northern England [9] and present in smaller areas around the glacial refuges in Spain [41] . Figure 1b. Map highlighting areas of range expansion, persistence and contraction of the Roe deer in Europe between 1967 and 2008. Because the species was more widespread in Scotland and Northern England, the expansion depicted is likely to be an overestimation [9] . Range change in Spain is likely to be an underestimation as the deer was less widespread in 1967 than depicted [41] . 69
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
Page 20 and 21: Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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Page 26 and 27: 3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
Page 28 and 29: Table 2. Latest population estimate
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
Page 32 and 33: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 34 and 35: 3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
Page 38 and 39: % change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
Page 40 and 41: 3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
Page 46 and 47: 3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
Page 52 and 53: 3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
Page 54 and 55: Scale Status Population trend Justi
Page 56 and 57: % change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
Page 58 and 59: Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
Page 60 and 61: 3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
Page 64 and 65: Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
Page 66 and 67: References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
Page 68 and 69: 3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75: Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 78 and 79: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 80 and 81: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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