130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Drivers of recovery The spectacular recovery of the Spanish imperial eagle has been to a great degree the result of active conservation effort and legal protection. The species benefits from protection under international and national legislation and protected areas encompass more than 70% of the total breeding population [1, 34] . Habitat management has been an important driver of recovery for the species, including management to improve food availability and modification of power cables to prevent electrocution [1, 29, 34, 37] . The ‘Alzando el Vuelo’ (Flying High) programme of SEO/BirdLife (BirdLife in Spain) and the private land protection of Fundación de Amigos del Aguila Imperial (FAAI), engages national authorities, local communities and private landowners in conserving and protecting Spanish imperial eagle habitat, forming a large land stewardship network. Agreements are signed with landowners who manage their land sympathetically to Spanish imperial eagle conservation [29, 35, 38, 39] . In Doñana, drastic measures were taken to mitigate declining trends, including the release of individual eagles to reinforce the population [33] . Spanish imperial eagle is a good candidate for reintroduction, as dispersal is limiting and not habitat availability [22, 24–26] . The ongoing reintroduction of Spanish imperial eagles in Cádiz province was initiated in 2002, first breeding occurred in 2010 [26, 33] and today there are seven territories are occupied [22] . Although attitudes towards the Spanish imperial eagle have improved (see ‘Alzando el Vuelo’ programme [35] ), persecution remains an issue. For example, in Portugal, the sole breeding male was shot in 2009 [40] . Poisoning is also a critical threat to the species, as enforcement of anti-poisoning legislation is not currently effective [28, 31, 34] . At present, the recovery of the Spanish imperial eagle is still dependent on intensive management. 246
References 1. Sánchez, B., González, L. & Barov, B. 2008. Action Plan for the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti in the European Union. Strasbourg: European Commission. 2. Ferrer, M. 2001. The Spanish Imperial Eagle. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3. Ferrer, M. & Negro, J.J. 2004. The near extinction of two large European predators: super-specialists pay a price. Conservation Biology 18: 344–349. 4. González, L.M. 2008. Origin and formation of the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti). Journal of Ornithology 149: 151–159. 5. González, L.M. 1996. Action Plan for the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti). In B. Heredia, L. Rose & M. Painter (eds). Globally Threatened Birds in Europe: Action Plans: 175–189. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. 6. González, L.M., Hiraldo, F., Delibes, M. & Calderon, J. 1989. Reduction in the range of the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti Brehm, 1861) since AD 1850. Journal of Biogeography 16: 305–315. 7. González, L.M., Oria, J., Sánchez, R., Margalida, A., Aranda, A., L., P., Caldera, J. & Molina, J.I. 2008. Status and habitat changes in the endangered Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti population during 1974–2004: implications for its recovery. Bird Conservation International 18: 242–259. 8. González, L.M., J. Bustamonte & Hiraldo, F. 1990. Factors influencing the present distribution of the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti. Biological Conservation 51: 311–319. 9. González, L.M. 1991. Historia Natural del Águila Imperial Ibérica (Aquila adalberti, Brehm, 1861). Madrid: Colección Técnica. ICONA, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. 10. Sánchez, R., Margalida, A., González, L.M. & Oria, J. 2009. Temporal and spatial differences in the feeding ecology of the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti during the non-breeding season: effects of the rabbit population crash. Acta Ornithologica 44: 53–58. 11. Fernández, M., Oria, J., Sánchez, R., González, L.M. & Margalida, A. 2009. Space use of adult Spanish Imperial Eagles Aquila adalberti. Acta Ornithologica 44: 17–26. 12. González, L.M., Bustamente, J. & Hiraldo, F. 1992. Nesting habitat selection by the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti. Biological Conservation 59: 45–50. 13. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 14. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 15. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 16. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 17. del Moral, J.C. 2013. in litt. 18. González, L.M. & Oria, J. 2004. Aquila adalberti (CL Brehm, 1861) Águia-imperial. In A. Madroño, C. González & J.C. Atienza (eds). Libro Riojo de las Aves d España: 227–228. Madrid: Dirección General para la Biodiversidad & SEO/BirdLife. 19. Anon. 2011. The MARM, the CCAA and Portugal Discussed Progress in the Conservation of the Iberian Imperial Eagle. Available from: http://www.aguilaimperial. org/noticia.php?id=51&fi=46 [accessed on 05 May 2013]. 20. Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza e das Florestas. 2008. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim. 21. González, L.M. 2013. in litt. 22. Ferrer, M. 2013. in litt. 23. González, L.M., Arroyo, B.E., Margalida, A., Sánchez, R. & Oria, J. 2006. Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish Imperial Eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the conservation of a threatened species. Animal Conservation 83: 85–93. 24. Ferrer, M. & Hiraldo, F. 1991. Evaluation of management techniques for the Spanish Imperial Eagle. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19: 436–442. 25. Ferrer, M. 1993. Juvenile dispersal behaviour and natal philopatry of a long-lived raptor, the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti. Ibis 135: 132–138. 26. Muriel, R., Ferrer, M., Casado, E., Madero, A. & Pérez Calabuig, C. 2011. Settlement and successful breeding of reintroduced Spanish Imperial Eagles Aquila adalberti in the province of Cadiz (Spain). Ardeola 58: 323–333. 27. Margalida, A., González, L.M., Sánchez, R., Oria, J., Prada, L., Caldera, J., Aranda, A. & Molina, J.I. 2007. A long-term largescale study of the breeding biology of the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti). Journal of Ornithology 148: 309–322. 28. González, L.M., Margalida, A., Mañosa, S., Sánchez, R., Oria, J., Molina, J.I., Caldera, J., Aranda, A. & Prada, L. 2007. Causes and spatio-temporal variations of non-natural mortality in the Vulnerable Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti during a recovery period. Oryx 41: 495–502. 29. López-López, P., Ferrer, M., Madero, A., Casado, E. & McGrady, M. 2011. Solving man-made large-scale conservation problems: the Spanish Imperial Eagle and power lines. PLoS ONE 6: e17196. 30. Guil, F., Fernández-Olalla, M., Moreno-Opo, R., Mosqueda, I., Gómez, M.E., Aranda, A., Arredondo, Á., Guzmán, J., Oria, J., González, L.M. & Margalida, A. 2011. Minimising mortality in endangered raptors due to power lines: the importance of spatial aggregation to optimize the application of mitigation measures. 31. Margalida, A. 2012. Baits, budget cuts: a deadly mix. Science 338: 192. 32. Ortega, E., Mañosa, S., Margalida, A., Sánchez, R., Oria, J. & González, L.M. 2009. A demographic description of the recovery of the Vulnerable Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti. Oryx 43: 113–121. 33. Ferrer, M., Newton, I. & Muriel, R. 2013. Rescue of a small declining population of Spanish Imperial Eagles. Biological Conservation 159: 32–36. 34. Barov, B. & Derhé, M. 2011. Review of the Implementation of Species Action Plans of Threatened Birds in the European Union (2004–2010). Cambridge: BirdLife International. 35. www.aguilaimperial.org. 36. González, L.M., Oria, J., Margalida, A., Sánchez, R., Prada, L., Caldera, J., Aranda, A. & Molina, J.I. 2006. Effective natal dispersal and age of maturity in the threatened Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti: conservation implications. Bird Study 53: 285–293. 37. González, L.M., Margalida, A., Sánchez, R. & Oria, J. 2006. Supplementary feeding as an effective tool for improving breeding success in the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti). Biological Conservation 129: 477–486. 38. BirdLife International. 2009. “Flying High” conserving the Spanish Imperial Eagle. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/ news/news/2009/05/flying.html [accessed on 05 April 2013]. 39. García Ávila, B., Sánchez, B., Cabezas, S. & Martí, R. 2007. “Alzando el vuelo” – programa de conservación da Águia Imperial Ibérica. AmbientalmenteSustentable 4: 73–80. 40. Environment News Service. 2009. Portugal’s Only Nesting Male Iberian Eagle Shot Available from: http://www.ens-newswire. com/ens/mar2009/2009–03–09–02. html [accessed on 05 May 2013]. Peer reviewers • Miguel Ferrer • Luis Mariano González • Antoni Margalida 247
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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158
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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Page 276 and 277: A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281: Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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Page 284 and 285: The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287: A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289: The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291: species [44] [45] and if animals be
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Page 294 and 295: Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297: Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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