130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Recent developments Table 3. Major reasons for positive change in the status of the Golden jackal. Having established stable source populations in Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary and Romania, the Golden jackal is continuing its conquest of the European mainland. As part of the recolonisation of areas from which it had gone extinct [18] , the species is expected soon to be resident in all of Hungary [8] and spread to Moldova from Romania [18] . However, the most interesting developments are believed to be occurring in the western portions of the range. Permanent territories have now been described in Slovenia in areas where the wolf is absent [16] , and the presence of territorial groups in Ljubljansko barje were confirmed in 2009 [38] , with the second region with reproduction confirmed in the Slovenian Julian pre-Alps in 2012 [29] . The first evidence of the occurrence of jackal in Switzerland was recorded from five camera traps between 27 th November and 12 th December 2011 [39] . In addition, the Italian population is believed to play a central role in the continuing expansion westwards. In April 2012, a male jackal hit by a car was the first evidence of the species in the Trentino [40] . Further expansion of the northern limit of the species is also expected, following unconfirmed sightings from central Slovakia in 2008 [18] , as well as breeding evidence in the Neusiedler See region of Austria from 2007 [41] . Although the presence of adults was confirmed with camera traps in spring 2009, the fate of the 2007 offspring is unknown and there is no evidence Rank Reason for change Description 1 Legislation Legal protection resulted in marked abundance increases and range expansions in Bulgaria [25] . The introduction of EU directives on carnivore reduction methods, and the EC Bird Directive and EC Habitat Directive) resulted in recoveries in the Balkans [8] . Legal protection also resulted in reduced persecution [18] . 2 Other — Increase in food availability 3 Land/water protection & management — Habitat change 4 Other — Competitor reduction Game farming developments led to the increase of animal carcasses and supported the comeback in Bulgaria [25] . The species is opportunistic and can exist on human waste alone [15] . In Greece, jackal populations are found near human settlements [15] . However, this may also indicate an overdependence on human food [15] . Felling of forest and planting of scattered coniferous trees led to the creation of more suitable habitat (open areas with some cover) [14] . The depopulation of rural areas is believed to be one of the main factors in the maintenance of high densities of jackals in Bulgaria [18] . A reduction in wolf facilitated expansion in Bulgaria [35] . 5 Other — Climate change Particularly favourable mild winters are believed to have contributed to population increases in the Balkans [8] . 6 Other — Species ecology The species is highly adaptable [24] , opportunistic [1] and mobile [24] , all attributes which contribute to its ability to expand its range quickly [18] . High reproductive output [24] means it can bounce back easily, e.g. in Bulgaria [7] , Hungary [36, 37] , and Samos Island [15] . of further reproduction so far [18] . However, a jackal has now been recorded with camera traps for lynx in Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald (26 th April 2012) after first spreading to the Lausitz in 1998 [42] . Because of the species’ high adaptability, the conservation of the jackal in Europe is first and foremost a political and sociological problem [23] . Hunters in Slovenia and Hungary have a negative attitude towards the canid, and are of the opinion that jackals are responsible for the decline in Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations [4, 29] . Wolves, which have a far greater effect, are viewed as less negative, perhaps because they have been present in the landscape for longer [29] . Public awareness also needs to be raised [16, 19] , especially in Italy, where many deaths are caused by accidental shooting or poisoning, poaching and collisions [23] . Misidentification and confusion with the Grey wolf and Red fox are common, and the main problem for the species’ conservation in the Adriatic hinterland [19] . In addition, the species’ legal position needs to be strengthened through both national (e.g. Italy [30] ) and regional (e.g. Europe) action plans. Potential conflict with humans as well as increasing contact with the wolf [23] (for example in Italy [30] ) should be of particular concern. Elsewhere, there have been recommendations to include the jackal in hunting regulations to exert greater control over illegal hunting (e.g. in Slovenia [16] ), while population control measures have been put forward for countries with large and increasing populations in which these have been proven to affect game and domestic animals, e.g. in Bulgaria [25] . Although a carnivore and despite its recent recolonisation success, the Golden jackal has been somewhat neglected by the scientific community, and there is a definite need to encourage research and monitoring [18] . A particular focus should be on improving current monitoring methods, as these are unlikely to record all individuals [30] . Overall, however, the Golden jackal is a resilient, adaptable and opportunistic species, able to recover quickly [18] if necessary, and its continued existence and spread in Europe is to be expected. 94
References 1. Jhala, Y.V. & Moehlman, P.D. 2004. 6.2 Golden jackal Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758), in Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs – 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, C. Sillero-Zubiri, M. Hoffmann, and D.W. Macdonald, Editors., IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group: Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 2. Macdonald, D.W. & Barrett, P. 1993. Mammals of Britain and Europe, London: Collins. 3. Aulagnier, S. 2009. Mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, London: A & C Black. 4. Heltai, M. 2013. Pers. comm. 5. Lanszki, J., Giannatos, G., Dolev, A., et al. 2010. Late autumn trophic flexibility of the golden jackal Canis aureus. Acta Theriologica, 55 (4): 361–370. 6. IUCN. 2011a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1:[Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/. 7. Kryštufek, B., Murariu, D. & Kurtonur, C. 1997. Present distribution of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions. Mammal Review, 27 (2): 109–114. 8. Szabó, L., Heltai, M., Szűcs, E., et al. 2009. Expansion range of the golden jackal in Hungary between 1997 and 2006. Mammalia, 73: 307–311. 9. Baryshnikov, G.F. 2012. Pleistocene Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Paleolithic Kudaro caves in the Caucasus. Russian Journal of Theriology, 11 (2): 77–120. 10. Bauer, K. 2001. Goldschakal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758. Die Säugetierfauna Österreichs. Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft. Graz. 11. Hoi-Leitner, M. & Kraus, E. 1989. Der Goldschakal, Canis aureus (Linnaeus 1758), in Österreich (Mammalia austriaca 17)*. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 40 (3/4): 197–204. 12. IUCN. 2011b. European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe/european-red-list-site. 13. Mitchell-Jones, A.J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., et al. 1999. The Atlas of European Mammals, London, UK: T. and A.D. Poyser. 14. Giannatos, G. 2004. Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece. WWF Greece. 15. Giannatos, G., Marinos, Y., Maragou, P., et al. 2005. The status of the Golden Jackal (Canis aureus L.) in Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 135 (2): 145–149. 16. Krofel, M. & Potočnik, H. 2008. First record of a golden jackal (Canus aureus) in the Savinja Valley (Northern Slovenia). Natura Sloveniae, 10 (1): 57–62. 17. Council of Europe 1992. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. 18. Arnold, J., Humer, A., Heltai, M., et al. 2012. Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe. Mammal Review, 42 (1): 1–11. 19. Lapini, L., Molinari, P., Dorigo, L., et al. 2009. Reproduction of the golden jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1835) in Julian pre-Alps, with new data on its range expansion in the high-Adriatic hinterland (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 60 169–185. 20. Markov, G. 2012. Golden jackal (Canis aureus L.) in Bulgaria: what is going on? Acta Zoologica Bulgarica Suppl., 4: 67–71. 21. Kryštufek, B. 2011. Šakali vse okrog nas, Lovec – Revija za lovstvo, lovsko kinologijo in varstvo narave. 5: 22. Csányi, S., Tóth, K. & Schally, G. 2013. Vadgazdálkodási Adattár 2012/2013 – vadászati év. Országos Vadgazdálkodási Adattár. Gödöllő. 23. Lapini, L. 2012. Der Goldschakal (Canis aureus moreoticus) in Europa, in Hund, Wolf & Co: Nümbrecht. Filander Verlag. 24. Soyanov, S. 2012. Golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bulgaria: current status, distribution, demography and diet, in International symposium on hunting, “Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game population”: Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia. 25. Markov, G. 2011. Population number dynamic of the jackal (Canis aureus L. 1758) in Bulgaria: past, present and future, in Actual Problems of Protection and Sustainable use of the Animal World Diversity: Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Department of Nature and Life Sciences Institute of Zoology. 26. Zachos, F.E., Cirovic, D., Kirschning, J., et al. 2009. Genetic variability, differentiation, and founder effect in Golden jackals (Canis aureus) from Serbia as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite loci. Biochemical Genetics, 47: 241–250. 27. Demeter, A. 1984. Recent records of rare or non-resident large carnivores in Hungary. Vertebrata Hungarica, 22: 65–71. 28. Calinescu, R. 1931. Schakale in Rumänien. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 5: 373–375. 29. Mihelič, M. & Krofel, M. 2012. New records of the golden jackal (Canis aureus L.) in the upper Soča valley, Slovenia. Natura Sloveniae, 14 (2): 51–63. 30. Lapini, L., Conte, D., Zupan, M., et al. 2011. Italian jackals 1984–2011: an updated review (Canis aureus: Carnivora, Canidae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 62 219–232. 31. Koubek, P. & Červený, J. 2007. The Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) – a new mammal species in the Czech Republic. Lynx, 38: 103–106. 32. Tóth, T., Krecsák, L., Szűcs, E., et al. 2009. Records of the golden jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary from 1800th until 2007, based on a literature survey. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 5 (2): 386–405. 33. Boitani, L. 2013. Pers. comm. 34. van den Brink, F.H. 1955. A field guide to the mammals of Britain and Europe, London, UK: Collins & Sons. 1–221, figs, pls. 35. Genov, P. & Wassilev, S. 1989. Der Schakal (Canis aureus L.) in Bulgarien: ein Beitrag zu seiner Verbreitung und Biologie. Zeitung für Jadgwissenschaft, 35: 145–150. 36. Szabó, L., Heltai, M., Lanszki, J., et al. 2007. An indigenous predator, the Golden jackal (Canis aureus L.1758) spreading like an invasive species in Hungary. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 63–64, 230–235. 37. Szabó, L., Heltai, M. & Lanszki, J. 2008. Factors that influence the Golden jackal’s (Canis aureus L. 1758) spreading in Hungary. 92nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Mammalogy. Vienna, 14 to 18 September 2008, Abstracts of Oral Communications and Poster Presentations. Mammal Biology, 73 (Special issue): 41. 38. Krofel, M. 2009. Confirmed presence of territorial groups of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Slovenia. Natura Sloveniae, 11 (1): 65–68. 39. KORA. 2012. Erster Goldschakal-Nachweis in der Schweiz. KORA-News. Available from: http://www.kora.ch/news/ archiv/20120908d.htm. 40. KORA. 2012. Der Goldschakal: ein Neuankömmling in der Provinz Trento. KORA-News. Available from: http://www. kora.ch/news/archiv/20120412d.htm 41. Herzig-Straschil, B. 2008. Short note: First breeding record of the golden jackal (Canis aureus L., 1758, Canidae) in Austria. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 109B 73–76. 42. Rösler, R. 2012. Der Goldschakal (Canis aureus L.) – jüngst auch in Bayern nachgewiesen! Forstinfo. 05/2012. Reviewer • Dr Miklós Heltai 95
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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Rank Reason for change Description
Page 46 and 47: 3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
Page 50 and 51: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 52 and 53: 3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
Page 54 and 55: Scale Status Population trend Justi
Page 56 and 57: % change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
Page 58 and 59: Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
Page 60 and 61: 3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
Page 64 and 65: Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
Page 66 and 67: References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
Page 68 and 69: 3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
Page 70 and 71: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75: Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 80 and 81: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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