130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus Summary Table 1. Global IUCN Red List status [6] , European population and SPEC status [7] and EU population status [8] of Pink-footed goose. There are two flyway populations of Pink-footed goose: the Icelandic breeding population, which winters in Britain, and the Svalbard breeding population, which winters in continental northwest Europe. Both populations have increased greatly since the 1950s, thanks to improved protection from shooting and to the increased availability of high quality food in the wintering grounds, as a result of intensification of agricultural practices. The increasing population of the species has resulted in a conflict with farmers in parts of the flyway, as the Pink-footed goose causes damage to agricultural land. International cooperation is necessary in order to effectively manage this issue at the flyway scale. Background General description of the species The Pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) is a migratory goose species found in northwest Scale Status Justification Global Least Concern Very large range and population size, which (since 1988) appears to be increasing. Europe EU25 Secure (Non- SPECE) Secure Increasing population. Europe and Greenland. It breeds in loose colonies from mid-May to early July and then undergoes a flightless moulting period until August. After moulting, Pink-footed geese migrate to their wintering grounds. Outside the breeding season, Pink-footed geese are gregarious, forming large but loose flocks in autumn and winter [1] . Distribution in Europe There are two populations of Pink-footed goose, with almost no interchange or overlapping of breeding or wintering distributions [1] . One population breeds in Svalbard and winters in northwest Europe (nearly the entire population concentrates in Denmark, and a declining proportion of birds moves further south to the Netherlands and Belgium). The second breeds in Iceland and east Greenland and winters in Scotland and England [2, 3] . Habitat preferences In Greenland, Pink-footed geese nest on cliffs, riverbanks and hummocks near dense vegetation. In Iceland, Pink-footed geese used to forage in the uplands in spring and autumn, but currently the majority forage on farmland, including potato fields and improved grasslands. In the UK, salt and fresh marshes were used in the past, but the majority of Pink-footed geese now forage on 160
managed grasslands and since the 1950s they feed on sugar beet in winter [1] . In Svalbard, they nest on rocky outcrops, steep river gorges and islands. They forage in damp sedge-meadows. During migration across Norway in spring, they used to graze on saltmarshes and fens, but since the 1980s they now almost exclusively graze on managed grasslands. In Denmark, they forage in stubbles for spilt grain, but also on grassland and increasingly, notably in winter, on autumn-sown cereals. At the wintering grounds in the Netherlands and Belgium, they mainly graze on grasslands [1] . Legal protection and conservation status The Pink-footed goose is listed in Annex II of the EU Birds Directive, Annex III of the Bern Convention, and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which both populations are covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA), listed in Column A (category 2a for the East Greenland & Iceland/UK population and category 1 for the Svalbard/North-west Europe population) in the AEWA Action Plan [4, 5] . Abundance: current status and changes There are no data on the species before the 20th century, as the Pink-footed goose was formerly confused with the Bean goose (Anser No. of individuals 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 fabalis) [2] . Systematic autumn counts in Scotland provide an accurate assessment of the size of the Iceland/Greenland population [2] . The species was considered to be a scarce winter visitor in the past [2] , but the population size has increased from about 8,500 individuals in 1951 to more than 350,000 individuals in 2013 [9] . The rate of increase was highest in the 1980s [2] (Figure 1). The Svalbard population was estimated to number 10,000–12,000 individuals in the 1930s and 1950s [3] . By the mid-1960s, when systematic autumn counts began, the population had increased to 15,000–18,000 [3, 10] . The increasing trends continued and by 2012, the population had reached 81,600 individuals [10] (Figure 1). Figure 1. Number of Pink-footed geese since 1951, showing the Svalbard, Iceland and Greenland populations separately [9, 10] . Figure 2. Current breeding and wintering/ staging distribution of Pink-footed goose in Europe and historical breeding distribution in Iceland and Svalbard in the 1950s [11] and 1980s [12] . 161
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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