130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Table 2. Major threats that drove Pink-footed goose decline and may still constrain the population [2, 3, 13] . Distribution: current status and changes The Icelandic population of Pink-footed goose breeds mainly in central Iceland (Figure 2), with smaller numbers along the east coast of Greenland. In Iceland, the species used to occur only in Pjorsaver, an area of wet meadows in the central highlands of the country. Since the early 1980s, it spread out from this area and now breeds over much of the interior of the country. The wintering grounds of the Icelandic population are in Britain, where geese are found in central Scotland in large numbers in early autumn and then progress southwards, to Lancashire and Norfolk in particular [1, 2, 12] . The majority of the Svalbard population breeds in western Svalbard, particularly in Spitsbergen (Figure 2). In the autumn, this population moves southwards via Norway, where there are stopover sites, to Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium. In Denmark, a narrow zone along the west coast is used (Figure 2). The species used to stage in northwest Germany in the 1950s, but these sites are no longer used [1] . In the Netherlands, Pink-footed geese are restricted to the southwestern part of Friesland (Figure 2). Wintering grounds in Belgium are found in the Flemish coastal polder area (Figure 2) and were traditionally concentrated in a small number of sites, but expanded when severe Threat Description Impact Climate change and severe weather Agricultural intensification Agricultural abandonment Residential and commercial development Renewable energy Hunting and collecting Human intrusions and disturbance Problematic diseases Problematic native species Habitat loss due to climate change could result in reductions in the available breeding range (northward expansion of shrub and taiga) and fragmentation of winter/spring feeding habitat (sea level rise), as well as a mismatch of the breeding cycle to resource availability. Habitat loss due to agricultural intensification (e.g. drainage and ploughing of permanent wet grasslands in Belgium). Habitat loss due to abandonment of agriculture (e.g. overgrowing of grasslands in Norway). Habitat loss due to urban and industrial development. Development of hydroelectric projects planned in Iceland would result in flooding of a major moulting area. Unsustainable illegal hunting and persecution by farmers. Human disturbance from e.g. recreational activities or helicopters surveying for oil exploration. Avian influenza, parasites or other diseases due to contact with high densities of wild duck and poultry. Recovery of potential predator populations, e.g. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Arctic fox (V. lagopus), Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Unknown, potentially high High High Low High High Medium Medium High winters between the 1960s and 1980s pushed the population towards France and new suitable areas were discovered. Since the early 1990s, nearly 75% of the Svalbard population used to winter in Belgium and the Netherlands [3, 12–14] , but recently this percentage is much lower (
Drivers of recovery The increase in the Iceland/Greenland population, particularly during the 1980s, was the result of increased survival, most likely as a result of site protection of important winter roosts and improved winter feeding conditions [1, 2] . Protection from hunting in Britain was improved, and a protected area network was established. In addition, Pink-footed geese shifted their foraging habitat away from estuaries, where they were vulnerable to shooting and disturbance, to managed grasslands, where food quality is higher. The concurrent nature of these developments makes it difficult to assess the relative importance of each factor, but these improved conditions on the wintering grounds enabled expansion of the breeding distribution in Iceland from the 1960s [1, 2] . The increasing trend of the Svalbard population between the 1960s and 1980s was the result of improved protection and decreased shooting pressure in the staging and wintering areas [1, 3, 13] . Spring shooting was banned in Denmark in 1955 and in Svalbard in 1975, and shooting in the Netherlands was banned in 1976 and in 1977 in Germany [3] . In Belgium, the wintering grounds expanded thanks to the ban on shooting put in place in the early 1980s [3] . Action Monitoring and planning Site/area protection Site/area management Problematic species control Livelihood, economic and other incentives Legislation Description Species Management Plan in place for the Svalbard population. Regular monitoring is in place for both populations. There are 146 IBAs identified for Pink-footed goose in Europe, of which 72% are fully designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 5% are not protected. Habitat improvement. Protection of key sites. Predator control. Compensation/subsidy schemes for farmers. Species is huntable in most countries, but hunting management is often in place, e.g. seasonal hunting bans and licensing. Conflict with agriculture is lower in Belgium, as large concentrations of geese are short-lived (departure in early spring) and geese prefer to feed on permanent rather than newly sown grassland or cereal fields [3] . The reduced persecution has also enabled Pink-footed geese in Belgium to make more efficient use of edge vegetation between fields and along roads [3] . Compensation schemes are in place to mitigate conflict with farmers, but international coordination is necessary to effectively manage the issues [1–3, 13] . Table 3. Conservation actions in place for Pink-footed goose [1–3, 13] . References 1. Boyd, H. 2005. Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus. In J. Kear (ed.). Ducks, Geese and Swans: 270–276. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. Mitchell, C., Fox, A.D., Boyd, H., Sigfusson, A. & Boertmann, D. 1999. Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus: Iceland/Greenland. In J. Madsen, G. Cracknell & T. Fox (eds). Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic – A Review of Status and Distribution: 68–81. Rönde: National Environmental Research Institute. 3. Madsen, J., Kuikjen, E., Meire, P., Cottaar, F., Haitjema, T., Nicolaisen, P.I., Bønes, T. & Mehium, F. 1999. Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus: Svalbard. In J. Madsen, G. Cracknell & T. Fox (eds). Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic – A Review of Status and Distribution: 82–93. Rönde: National Environmental Research Institute. 4. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 5. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 6. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 7. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 8. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 9. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) data. 10. Madsen, J., Kuijken, E. & Cottaar, F. Unpublished data. 11. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. New York: Nelson. 12. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 13. Madsen, J. & Williams, J.H. 2012. International Species Management Plan for the Svalbard Population of the Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus. AEWA Technical Series No. 48. Bonn: Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). 14. Bijlsma, R.G., Hustings, F. & Canmphuijsen C.J. 2001. Common and scarce birds of the Netherlands (Avifauna of the Netherlands 2). GMB Uitgeverij/KNNV, Haarlem/Utrecht. 15. Hornman, M., Hustings, F., Koffijberg, K., Kleefstra, O., Klaasen, O., van Winden, E., SOVON Ganzen- en Zwanenwerkgrope & Soldaat, L. 2012. Watervogels in Nederland in 2009/2010. SOVON-rapport 2012/02, Waterdienst-rapport BT 12.06. Nijmegen: SOVON Vogelonderzoek Nederland. 16. Scott, D.A. & Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International Publication No. 41. Wageningen: Wetlands International. Reviewer • Kees Koffijberg 163
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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