130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Figure 2. Current distribution of Bearded vulture in Europe and historic distribution in the 1850s and 1950s [22] . Table 3. Major threats that drove the Bearded vulture decline and may still constrain the population. Major threats This species experienced a massive decline in Europe in the 19 th and 20 th centuries due to persecution (mostly shooting), use of poisoned baits, habitat loss, and reduction in extensive livestock farming in many mountain ranges [34] . The main causes of ongoing declines appear to be non-target poisoning, direct persecution, habitat degradation, disturbance of breeding birds, inadequate food availability, changes in livestock-rearing practices and collisions with Threat Description Impact Unintentional effects of hunting and collecting Poisoning and intoxication as a result of consumption of poison baits against predators, or lead poisoning from feeding on carcasses with lead shot. Critical Pollution from agriculture Agricultural abandonment Livestock farming and ranching Renewable energy Transportation and service corridors Human intrusions and disturbance Hunting and collecting Poisoning and intoxication as a result of consumption of livestock carcasses with antibiotics. Reduction of carrion availability due to declines in extensive livestock management in the mountains. Less carrion available because of modernisation of agriculture. Collision with wind turbines. Collision with and electrocution by overhead power lines. Human outdoor activities near breeding cliffs (e.g. rock climbing). Main reason for the extinction in Alps in the past. High High High High Medium Medium (historically high) power-lines and wind farms. Human persecution and poisoning continue to be the main factors contributing to unnatural mortality for European Bearded vultures [34] , as evidenced by recent studies, which show that shooting (31%), intentional poisoning (26%), collision (18%) and unintentional poisoning (12%) were the most important threats. Drivers of recovery The Bearded vulture is still vulnerable in Europe, as its population size is small and includes some isolated, fragile, relict island populations (Crete and Corsica). A number of Bearded vulture conservation projects are in place, including the highly successful reintroduction programme in the European Alps (Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland), which has been in operation since the 1980s under the coordination of the Vulture Conservation Foundation (formerly the Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture) [21] . To date, 197 birds have been released and 22 breeding pairs are currently established as a direct result of this project [17] . Since 2010, new release sites in the western Alps (Parc Regional du Vercors) and the Grands Causses (France) have been chosen with the aim to bridge and connect the Alpine and Pyrenean populations. A reintroduction project has also been initiated in Andalucía by the regional government. 230
These projects employ best practice for captive breeding, monitoring and releasing methodologies and standards, based on the European Endangered Species Breeding Program (EEP). Annual conferences of the Alpine reintroduction project partners (International Bearded Vulture Monitoring, IBM) facilitate exchange of information and experience, including discussion on the situation in Spain and other countries within the distribution of the Bearded vulture. Action Description Impact Site/area protection There are 125 IBAs identified for Bearded vulture in Europe, of which 34% are fully designated as SPAs or protected areas and 22% are not protected. High Monitoring and planning Species reintroduction Education and awareness Intensive monitoring in the Alps (by International Bearded vulture Monitoring, IBM), Corsica, Crete, Pyrenees. Reintroduction programmes in the Alps, Cevennes and Andalucía. Based on captive breeding of Bearded vultures through the species EEP (Endangered Species Programme). Reintroduction projects work with local and national stakeholders and the public at large, especially during the release season. Medium High Medium Compliance and enforcement of legislation Campaigns against the use of poison are implemented in Andalucia, some regions of the Pyrenees and France. Also there are specific activities against lead poisoning in some areas (e.g. Italian Alps). High Table 4. Conservation actions in place for Bearded vulture. References 1. Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. 2001. Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. 2. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds) 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3. Foppen, R. 2013. in litt. 4. Donazar, J.A. 1991. Unidades reproductoras inusuales: Trios poliándricos. In R. Heredia & B. Heredia (eds). El Quebrantahuesos en los Pirinéos: Características ecológicas y biología de la conservación: 39–46. Colección Técnica. Madrid: Instituto Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (ICONA). 5. Fasce, P., Fasce, L. & Torre., J. 1989. Census and observations on the biology of the Bearded Vulture on the island of Corsica. In B.-U. Meyburg & R.D. Chancellor (eds). Raptors in the Modern World Berlin: WWGBP. 6. BirdLife International. 2012. Gypaetus barbatus. In IUCN 2013 (ed.). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 10 July 2013]. 7. Barov, B. & Derhé, M. 2011. Review of the Implementation of Species Action Plans of Threatened Birds in the European Union (2004– 2010). Cambridge: BirdLife International. 8. Margalida, A., Donazar, J.A., Bustamante, J., Hernandez, F.J. & Romero-Pujante, M. 2008. Application of a predictive model to detect long-term changes in nest-site selection in the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus: conservation in relation to territory shrinkage. Ibis 150: 242–249. 9. Margalida, A. & Bertran, J. 1997. Dieta y seleccion de alimento de una pareja de Quebrantahuesos en los Pirinéos durante la crianta. Ardeola 44: 193–199. 10. Thibault, J.C., Vigne, J.D. & Torre, J. 1993. The diet of young Lammergiers in Corsica: its dependence on extensive grazing. Ibis 136: 42–48. 11. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps. org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 12. BirdLife International. 2013. IUCN Red List for Birds. Available from: http://www.birdlife. org [accessed on 03 March 2013]. 13. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 14. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 15. Spanish Working Group on the Bearded Vulture (Autonomous Communities & Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment). 2012. 16. Gypaète barbu Pyrenees. 2012. Annual Report. 17. IBM (International Bearded Vulture Monitoring). Project report. http://www. gyp-monitoring.com/. 18. Hegglin, D. 2013. pers. comm. 19. Sidiropoulos, L., Tsiakiris, R., Azmanis, P., Galanaki, A., K., S., Kastritis, T., Kret, E., Skartsi, T., Jerrentrup, H., Xirouchakis, S. & Kominos, T. 2013. Status of Vultures in Greece. In J. Andevski (ed.). Vulture Conservation in the Balkan Peninsula and Adjacent Regions: 10 years of research and conservation: 20–23. Skopje: Vulture Conservation Foundation and Frankfurt Zoological Society. 20. Seguin, J.-F., Torre, J. & Bretagnolle, V. 2010. Distribution, population size and breeding parameters in the insular population of Bearded Vultures Gypaetus barbatus of Corsica over 28 years. Bird Study 57: 361–368. 21. Frey, H., Kurzweil, J. & Bijlveld, M. 1995. The breeding network – an analysis of the period 1978 to 1995. In H. Frey, J. Kurzweil & M. Bijlveld (eds). Bearded Vulture reintroduction into the Alps: annual report 1995: 13–38. Vienna: Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture. 22. 2013. Vulture Conservation Foundation data. 23. Hiraldo, F., Delibes, M. & Calderón, J. 1979. El quebrantahuesos Gypaetus barbatus (L.). Monografías 22. Madrid: ICONA. 24. Terrasse, J.F. 2001. El Quebrantahuesos. Barcelona: Omega. 25. Coton, C. & Estéve, R. 1990. La réintroduction du Gypaète barbu dans les Alpes Revue d’ Ecologie (Terre Vie) 5: 227–241. 26. Mingozzi, T. & Estéve, R. 1997. Analysis of a historical extirpation of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus (L) in the western Alps (France-Italy): former distribution and causes of extirpation. Biological Conservation 79: 155–171. 27. Schenk, H., Aresu, M. & Marras, N. 2004. Feasibility study of the reintroduction of the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) in Sardinia. In H. Frey, G. Shaden & M. Bijleveld (eds). Bearded Vulture annual report 2004: 80–105. Wassenaar: Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture. 28. Grubac, B. 2002. Le statut du Gypaète barbu Gypaetus barbatus en Yougoslavie et Macedonie. In LPO-FIR (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference ‘‘Conservation of Bearded Vulture Populations’’: 53–60. Paris: LPO. 29. Marin, S., Stoynov, E., Ivanov, I. & Simeonov, P. 2002. The Bearded Vulture in Bulgaria-Macedonia: monitoring and conservation. In LPO-FIR (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference ‘‘Conservation of Bearded Vulture Populations’’: 50–52. Paris: LPO. 30. Simón, M.A., Llopis, A., Carrasco, A.L., Godino, A., Bautista, F., Romero-Pujante, M., Hernández, F.J., del Barco, M., Macías, E. & Hortelano, M.A. 2005. El proyecto de reintroducción del quebrantahuesos en Andalucía: resultados del Centro de Cría de Guadalentín. In A. Margalida & R. Heredia (eds). Biología de la Conservación del Quebrantahuesos Gypaetus barbatus en España: 255–268. Madrid: Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales. 31. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 32. Andevski, J. 2013. Summary. In J. Andevski (ed.). Vulture Conservation in the Balkan Peninsula and Adjacent Regions: 10 years of research and conservation: 36–37. Skopje: Vulture Conservation Foundation and Frankfurt Zoological Society. 33. Xirouchakis, S. 2013. pers. comm. 34. Margalida, A., Heredia, R., Razin, M. & Hernández, M. 2008. Sources of variation in mortality of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in Europe. Bird Conservation International 18: 1–10. Peer reviewers • Hans Frey • Franziska Lörcher This species account was prepared by José Tavares and Jovan Andevski, Vulture Conservation Foundation. 231
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
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Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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Page 276 and 277: A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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