130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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A Range change B Range change C Range change 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -0.1 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -0.1 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -0.1 Carnivore (marine)
Historical baselines of mammal distributions Unfortunately, abundance data are rarely available prior to the 1950s, and historical distributions (pre-1900s) could not be obtained for all of the mammal species in this study. As a result, a comprehensive analysis of range changes from a historical baseline could not be undertaken across the species set. Dividing the dataset into carnivores and herbivores makes for interesting case studies in Europe, since carnivores have often been persecuted by humans in the past, while hoofed mammals, particularly deer, have been widely hunted. By the 1950s and 60s, distributions of carnivores had declined dramatically across Europe from historical levels. In our analysis, all five species of terrestrial carnivore with dated historical distribution data had undergone range declines by an average of around 50% (Table 1A). Range declines among terrestrial carnivores were largest for the Brown bear (Ursus arctos -63%), the Wolverine (-62%) and the Grey wolf (Canis lupus -51%). Amongst the six ungulate species with dated historical range distribution, the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) showed particularly pronounced increases, from just over 200 km 2 to over 30,000 km 2 . Because of uncertainty about the accuracy of the historical distribution, calculation of average range change for ungulates from historical to past times excluded the Alpine ibex, and was calculated No. of species 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Persecution Habitat loss/ degradation Poisoning as an average range increase of 28%, varying from a 92% decrease in the range of the Iberian ibex to an increase of 152% in the Eurasian elk. This analysis clearly highlights the importance of establishing a historic baseline against which to gauge conservation success. Clearly, in the case of carnivores, a mid-20 th century baseline greatly reflects an already impoverished fauna. It is against this background that critical evaluation of recent distribution increases must be measured, as these frequently merely reflect taxa bouncing back slowly from large-scale historical lows. Decline in food availability Alien invasive species Figure 11. Main drivers of historical decline across bird species. Figure 12. Summary of threats that drove declines and may still constrain populations of bird species, and their impact. 14 No. of species 12 10 8 6 Critical High Medium Low Unknown 4 2 0 Unintentional effects of hunting, fishing and persecution Pollution Transportation and sevice corridors Agriculture Wetland drainage and degradation Invasive non-native /alien species/diseases Agricultural abandonment Climate change and severe weather Hunting and collecting (intentional) Persecution/control Residental and commercial development Energy production and mining Human disturbance Problematic native species/diseases Natural system modifications Other unclassified threat Forestry 275
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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158
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281: Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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Page 284 and 285: The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287: A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289: The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291: species [44] [45] and if animals be
Page 292 and 293: One of the challenges around increa
Page 294 and 295: Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297: Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299: key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301: Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303: Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305: References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307: 113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309: Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
Page 310: Acknowledgements This study on wild
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