130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Action<br />
Monitor<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Site/area<br />
protection<br />
Site/area<br />
management<br />
Species<br />
re<strong>in</strong>troduction<br />
Livelihood,<br />
economic and<br />
other <strong>in</strong>centives<br />
Education and<br />
awareness<br />
Legislation<br />
Table 4.<br />
Conservation actions<br />
<strong>in</strong> place for Common<br />
cranes [1, 5, 6, 35] .<br />
Description<br />
The European Crane Work<strong>in</strong>g Group (ECWG) coord<strong>in</strong>ates monitor<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
research and conservation activities.<br />
There are 927 IBAs identified for Common crane <strong>in</strong> Europe, of which<br />
52% are fully designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 13%<br />
are not protected.<br />
Protected areas at key breed<strong>in</strong>g, stag<strong>in</strong>g and w<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>in</strong>g areas, but<br />
many other sites are found outside protected areas.<br />
Wetland creation and restoration.<br />
Mitigation of dangerous powerl<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
A re<strong>in</strong>troduction project has begun <strong>in</strong> the UK to assist recolonisation<br />
and first breed<strong>in</strong>g of re<strong>in</strong>troduced cranes occurred this year [31, 47] .<br />
Agreements with private land owners to protect key rest<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>in</strong>g habitats, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g agri-environment measures.<br />
Efforts to address conflict caused by crop depredation e.g.<br />
compensation for crop damage and artificial feed<strong>in</strong>g stations to lure<br />
cranes away from fields.<br />
Education and <strong>in</strong>formation programmes for the public.<br />
Common cranes are legally protected across their range <strong>in</strong> Europe.<br />
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially<br />
as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) has been adopted by all<br />
countries with<strong>in</strong> the species’ range <strong>in</strong> Europe.<br />
is some <strong>in</strong>terchange between West European and<br />
Baltic-Hungarian flyways, and further research is<br />
necessary on the Russian-Ukra<strong>in</strong>ian flyway [1, 48] .<br />
Improved forag<strong>in</strong>g conditions <strong>in</strong> western<br />
Europe, more effective protection of Common<br />
cranes and also milder w<strong>in</strong>ters drove the changes<br />
observed <strong>in</strong> migration and stopover patterns <strong>in</strong> the<br />
West European and Baltic-Hungarian flyways [6, 44] .<br />
Habitat restoration of bogs and fens has resulted <strong>in</strong><br />
the return of Common cranes to parts of Germany,<br />
where old breed<strong>in</strong>g sites are currently used on<br />
migration as stopover areas and as w<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
areas by some birds, follow<strong>in</strong>g cessation of peat<br />
production and flood<strong>in</strong>g of moors [32, 33, 44] . Intensive<br />
agriculture has also had a resulted <strong>in</strong> enhanced<br />
food availability. For example, the expansion<br />
of maize cultivation <strong>in</strong> Germany encouraged<br />
migrat<strong>in</strong>g birds to stay longer at roost<strong>in</strong>g areas [44] .<br />
The recovery and range expansion of Common<br />
cranes <strong>in</strong> Europe can be attributed to a great<br />
degree to the <strong>in</strong>creased abundance of food that is<br />
provided by <strong>in</strong>tensive agriculture [6, 13, 49, 50] . Milder<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ters have also benefitted the species, as the<br />
improved w<strong>in</strong>ter conditions allow the birds to<br />
migrate shorter distances and be<strong>in</strong>g breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
earlier, which <strong>in</strong> turn enables a second clutch to be<br />
produced should the first one fail [13, 44, 51, 52] .<br />
The <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g abundance of the Common<br />
crane and the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g concentration of large<br />
flocks dur<strong>in</strong>g migration, comb<strong>in</strong>ed with the lack<br />
of natural wetland habitat, have resulted <strong>in</strong> the<br />
development of a conflict with agriculture, due<br />
to the damage that the birds cause to agricultural<br />
crops. Management of this conflict varies across<br />
the species range, and measures <strong>in</strong>clude compensation<br />
payments and diversionary feed<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
artificial feed<strong>in</strong>g stations [6 ] . Targeted management<br />
plans have been effective at mitigat<strong>in</strong>g the conflict<br />
with agriculture at some of the key stag<strong>in</strong>g sites <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Sweden, Estonia, Germany,<br />
France and Spa<strong>in</strong> [6, 48] .<br />
References<br />
1. Me<strong>in</strong>e, C. & Archibald, G.W. 1996. Ecology,<br />
status, and conservation. In D.H. Ellis, G.F.<br />
Gee & C.M. Mirande (eds). Cranes: Their<br />
Biology, Husbandry, and Conservation:<br />
263–292. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC and Baraboo:<br />
Department of the Interior, National<br />
Biological Service and International Crane<br />
Foundation.<br />
2. Johnsgard, P.A. 1983. Cranes of the World.<br />
Beckenham: Groom Helm.<br />
3. Nowald, G. & Mewes, W. 2013. The year of<br />
the crane (Grus grus) <strong>in</strong> Germany 2012. In<br />
G. Nowald, A. Kettner & J. Daebeler (eds).<br />
Journal der Arbeitsgeme<strong>in</strong>schaft Kranichschutz<br />
Deutschland – Das Kranichjahr<br />
2012/13: 8–9. Groß Mohrdorf: AG Kranichschutz<br />
Deutschland. Kranich-Informationszentrum.<br />
4. BirdLife International. 2013. Species<br />
factsheet: Grus grus. Available from: http://<br />
www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2794<br />
[accessed on 28 August<br />
2013].<br />
5. Me<strong>in</strong>e, C. & Archibald, G.W. (eds) 1996.<br />
The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation<br />
Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and<br />
Cambridge, UK: IUCN.<br />
6. Prange, H. 2012. Manuscript about the<br />
Common (Eurasian) Crane to IUCN.<br />
European Crane Work<strong>in</strong>g Group.<br />
7. Mewes, W. 1994. The <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g population<br />
of the Common Crane (Grus grus) <strong>in</strong> Germany<br />
and the causes beh<strong>in</strong>d this development.<br />
PhD Dissertation, Mart<strong>in</strong>-Luther-Universität.<br />
8. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement<br />
on the Conservation of African-Eurasian<br />
Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement<br />
Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by<br />
MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat.<br />
9. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened<br />
Species. Version 2012.2. Available from:<br />
http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04<br />
April 2013].<br />
10. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and<br />
Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife<br />
International.<br />
11. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds <strong>in</strong> the<br />
European Union: A Status Assessment.<br />
Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen: BirdLife International.<br />
12. Prange, H. 1995. Occurrence of cranes <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe: evolution, protective measures,<br />
and future tasks. In H. Prange (ed.). Crane<br />
Research and Protection <strong>in</strong> Europe: 393–415.<br />
Halle-Wittenberg: Mart<strong>in</strong>-Luther-Universität.<br />
13. Harris, J. 2012. Introduction: cranes,<br />
agriculture and climate change. In J. Harris<br />
(ed.). Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a workshop organized<br />
by the International Crane Foundation<br />
and Muraviovka Park for Susta<strong>in</strong>able Land<br />
Use: 1–14. Baraboo: International Crane<br />
Foundation.<br />
14. Prieta, J. & Del Moral, J.C. 2008. La Grulla<br />
Común Invernante en España. Población<br />
en 2007 y Método de Censo. Madrid: SEO/<br />
BirdLife.<br />
15. Ilyashenko, E. & Mark<strong>in</strong>, Y. 2013. Results<br />
of questionnaires of 1982 and 2007 on<br />
the Eurasian Crane stag<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>in</strong> the<br />
European part of Russia. In G. Nowald, A.<br />
Weber, J. Fanke, E. We<strong>in</strong>hardt & N. Donner<br />
(eds). Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the VIIth European<br />
Crane Conference: Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Rest<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Migration and Biology: 165–173. Groß<br />
Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany.<br />
16. Prange, H. 2010. Migration and rest<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
the Common Crane Grus grus and changes<br />
<strong>in</strong> four decades. Vogelwelt 131: 155–167.<br />
17. Guzmán, J.M.S., Avilès, J.M., Med<strong>in</strong>a, F.J. &<br />
Sánchez, A. 1998. Status and trends of the<br />
Common Crane Grus grus on the western<br />
route. Bird Conservation International 8:<br />
269–279.<br />
18. Deschatres, A. & Le Roy, E. 2010. La Grue<br />
Cendrée en France: Migrations et Hivernage<br />
– Saison 2009–2010. Out<strong>in</strong>es: LPO<br />
Champagne-Ardenne.<br />
19. PECBMS. 2013. Trends of Common Birds <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe, 2013 Update. Available from: http://<br />
258