130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Table 3 Major threats that drove the Dalmatian pelican decline and may still constrain the population [9, 13, 20] . Threat Description Impact Natural systems Drainage of wetlands for agriculture and housing Critical modifications development. Human intrusions and disturbance Persecution/ control Transportation and service corridors Burning of reed beds. Disturbance at breeding and wintering sites by birdwatchers, photographers and recreational and fishing boats. Destruction of nests by fishermen. Shooting. Collision with and electrocution by power lines, especially during migration and wintering. Medium High Medium Medium High Pollution Long-term eutrophication of wetlands. Medium Renewable energy Climate change and severe weather Contamination by heavy metals and pesticides. Collision with wind turbines. Drought or flood. Climate change could have important negative effects in arid and semi-arid regions. Medium/Low Potentially high High Unknown logical changes leading to erosion or flooding of colonies, and housing development [13, 21] . For example, eutrophication drove declines in Dalmatian pelicans in Albania until 2007 [13] . The next most important threat is disturbance by human activities and illegal persecution [13, 21] . Collision with and electrocution by power lines is also an ongoing threat, particularly during migration and the non-breeding season [13, 21] .There is an increasing number of windfarms being developed along the main flyways used by Dalmatian pelicans and near key wetlands, and collision with wind turbines could potentially have a high impact on the species [13, 21] . Drivers of recovery Dalmatian pelican recovery in Europe is largely the result of targeted conservation efforts, especially limiting disturbance by people [13, 22] . However, overall capacity to carry out management and enforce protection of colonies is considered to be low and improvements are necessary [13] . In Greece, where the European Species Action Plan (SAP) for Dalmatian pelican has been implemented most successfully, the breeding population of the species 196
has increased dramatically [13] (see ‘Abundance: current status and changes’ above). Habitat management and restoration has had positive effects on the Dalmatian pelican population in Europe. Provision of nesting platforms has proved valuable in large lakes, where they help limit disturbance and prevent flooding [13] . However, most suitable habitat is already utilised by the species, so there is limited scope for further provision of artificial nest platforms or encouraging the establishment of new colonies [19] . One such attempt to reintroduce the species to potentially suitable sites in Croatia was unfortunately aborted as a result of conflict with government and local people [19] . Efforts to manage conflicts with fishermen have not been particularly successful, as persecution still takes place, albeit at a low rate [13] . Knowledge regarding Dalmatian pelican ecology and demography has improved greatly since the 1980s [2, 19] , but the species remains understudied and further research is necessary in order to help improve the effectiveness of conservation actions for this species [19, 21] . Action Monitoring and planning Site/area protection Site/area management Species management Habitat and natural process restoration Education and awareness Legislation Description Monitoring programmes in most countries. SAP in place and well implemented. National action plans in place in Romania, Montenegro and Ukraine. National working groups in Bulgaria, Greece and Romania. There are 119 IBAs identified for Dalmatian pelican in Europe, of which 48% are designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 20% are not protected. IBAs cover nearly the entire EU population of the species. Wardening and limiting disturbance by people. Predator control measures (fencing, artificial platforms). Mitigating impacts of power lines (e.g. burying, increasing visibility, insulation). Floating rafts and nest platforms for breeding. Maintenance and restoration of nest platforms. Wetland restoration in the Lower Danube and the key breeding sites in Greece. Targeted awareness raising programmes in Greece and Romania under LIFE projects, to reduce conflicts with fishermen and limit disturbance by tourists. Legally protected in all countries in its European distribution. Covered under a number of international treaties and conventions (see ‘Legal protection and conservation status’ above). Table 4. Conservation actions in place for Dalmatian pelican [13] . References 1. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds) 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 2. Crivelli, A.J., Catsadorakis, G., Hatzilacou, D., Hulea, D., Malakou, M., Marinov, M., Michev, T., Nazirides, T., Peja, N., Sarigul, G. & Siki, M. 2000. Status and population development of Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and Dalmatian Pelican P. crispus breeding in the Palearctic. In Y. P. & S. J. (eds). Monitoring and Conservation of Birds, Mammals and Sea Turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Proceedings of the 5th MEDMARAVIS Pan-Mediterranean Seabird Symposium, Gozo, Malta, October 1998: 38–46. Gozo, Malta: Environmental Protection Department. 3. BirdLife International. 2013. Species factsheet: Pelecanus crispus. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org [accessed on 20 August 2013]. 4. Nelson, J.B. 2005. Pelicans, Cormorants, and their Relatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5. Catsadorakis, G. 2011. Pelicans at Prespa, Greece: Overview of 28 Years of Research and Management for Conservation [presentation]. Society for the Protection of Prespa. 6. Catsadorakis, G. 2013. in litt. as compiler of the Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Pelican Research and Conservation in SE Europe. 7. Crivelli, A. & Vizi, O. 1981. The Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus Bruch 1832, a recently world-endangered bird species. Biological Conservation 20: 297–310. 8. Peja, N., Sarigul, G., Siki, M. & Crivelli, A.J. 1996. The Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, nesting in Mediterranean lagoons in Albania and Turkey. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 184–189. 9. Crivelli, A.J. 1996. Action Plan for the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) in Europe. Arles, France: Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat. 10. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 11. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 12. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 13. Barov, B. & Derhé, M. 2011. Review of the Implementation of Species Action Plans of Threatened Birds in the European Union (2004–2010). Cambridge: BirdLife International. 14. Wetlands International. 2012. Waterbird Population Estimates. Fifth edition. Available from: http://wpe.wetlands.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 15. Catsadorakis, G. 2002. The Book of Pelicans. Agios Germanos, Prespa, Greece: Society for the Protection of Prespa. 16. Krivonosov, G.A., Rusanov, G.M. & Gavrilov, N.N. 1994. Pelicans in the northern Caspian Sea. In A.J. Crivelli, V.G. Krivenko & V.G. Vinogradov (eds). Pelicans in the former 197 USSR: 25–31. Slimbridge: International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. 17. Lysenko, V.I. 1994. Pelecanus crispus in the Ukraine. In A.J. Crivelli, V.G. Krivenko & V.G. Vinogradov (eds). Pelicans in the former USSR. IWRB Publication 27: 5. Slimbridge: International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. 18. Жмуд, М.Є. 2009. Пелікан куч ерявий – Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832. Червона книга України [Red Book of Ukraine]: 399. Kiev: Глобалконсалтинг. 19. Crivelli, A.J. 2012. A 30-year overview of the aims, work and achievements of the International Pelican Research and Conservation Project [presentation]. 1st Workshop on Pelican Research and Conservation in SE Europe, 1–2 May 2012 Pyli, Prespa, Greece: Society for the Protection of Prespa. 20. Nagy, S. & Crockford, N. 2004. Implementation in the European Union of species action plans for 23 of Europe’s most threatened birds. Wageningen. The Netherlands: BirdLife International. 21. IUCN SSC-Wetlands International Pelican Specialist Group. 2012. The Prespa Statement on Pelican Conservation. Available from: http://www.wetlands.org/Portals/0/ specialist%20groups/The%20Prespa%20 Statement%20on%20pelican%20conservation%20_FINAL%20_2_GC.pdf [accessed on 20 August 2013]. 22. Crivelli, A.J. 2013. in litt. Reviewers • Giorgos Catsadorakis • Alain J. Crivelli
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
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Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
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Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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