130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Figure 3. Map of recent developments recorded for the Eurasian lynx in Europe. Y Expansion Persistence Contraction k Monitoring (radio collaring) Y Reintroduction i Confirmed presence i ik i Recent developments Much of the recent conservation attention has been on the critically endangered Balkan subpopulation, especially regarding the improvement of monitoring and the closing of gaps in ecological knowledge [15] . It appears that efforts are showing signs of success: using camera traps, at least nine lynx were detected in Mavroro National Park (Macedonia) in spring 2010 [15, 18] . Definitive evidence has also been found in in the Jablanca-Shebenik mountains in December 2010 [15, 19] , and there has been a first camera trap success in Albania in April 2011 [20] . In the Western part of the species’ range, there have also been positive developments. In 2009, lynx tracks were recorded for the first time after a long absence in Krkonoše Mountains National Park in the Czech Republic [21] , and other evidence has been collected since. In nearby Bohemian Switzerland (also in the Czech Republic), camera traps confirmed the presence of lynx, believed to have been drawn there by the relative tranquillity in winter and expected to move on to Saxony in the summer [21] . There has also been a first direct sighting of a lynx in the southern Black Forest region of Germany in March 2013 [22] . In addition to conservation efforts in the countries of occurrence, there are also moves towards re-establishing populations in locations from which the species has long been absent. For example, the Lynx UK Trust has recently applied for a license to introduce the lynx into a forest on the west coast of Scotland [23] . This would initially comprise two pairs to test the feasibility of the reintroduction process in preparation for potential further reintroductions to Wales and Northern England [23] . Despite range expansion, the genetic variability remains compromised in some populations of lynx, e.g. in Scandinavia [24] , the Carpathians [24] , and the Dinaric, Alpine and Jura populations [6] . There are also concerns over the Balkan and Palatinian populations, who are believed to have decreased and even disappeared respectively [6] . Because of its dietary specialisation, which necessitates low lynx population density and good cover, the species is believed to be particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation, which, in turn affects genetic status [24] . The linkage of populations therefore has to be a top priority in future management, especially between Alpine, Jura and Dinaric populations [6] . The probability of linking Bohemian-Bavarian and Carpathian populations, however, is very low due to man-made barriers [6] . Other threats include poor management, accidental mortality, and persecution resulting from conflict with hunters [6] . In fact, with increasing populations, low or decreasing acceptance has been recorded in the Alps, Balkans, Jura, Karelia and Scandinavia [6] . Because of this, public awareness and education 110
has been a major research focus. Fear was an important predictor of negative attitude towards lynx in Slovakia [25] and Poland [26] and knowledge appears to play a role. Associations between lack of knowledge of lynx and negative attitude have been found in Poland [26] and Macedonia [27] , while higher levels of species knowledge resulted in a more positive attitude in Slovakia [25] . Overall, these studies highlight the importance of dissipating and counteracting fear through communicating up-to-date knowledge of the lynx in Europe. It is likely that such initiatives would be successful for the most part, as the lynx is generally the most accepted of the three large European carnivores [25] , perhaps because damage to livestock is marginal except in Karelian and Scandinavian populations [6] . The lynx has been subject to significant conservation effort across most of its former range, and, as a result, populations have more than quadrupled in abundance over the past 50 years. Although we were unable to identify major reasons in this study, literature suggests that legal protection, reintroductions and translocations and natural recolonisation are likely to have contributed to recent comeback of the species. The Eurasian lynx is, however, still under threat, especially in its isolated populations (Table 3). References 1. Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. 1996. Wild cats. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN. Gland, Swizerland. 2. von Arx, M., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C., Zimmermann, F., et al. 2004. Status and Conservation of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in 2001. Status and Conservation of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in 2001. KORA Bericht. 1–330. 3. Sommer, R.S. & Benecke, N. 2006. Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review. Journal of Zoology, 269 (1): 7–19. 4. Kratochvíl, J. 1968. History of the Distribution of the Lynx in Europe. Acta scientiarum naturalium Academiae scientiarum bohemoslovacae. Brno, 2 (4): 1–50. 5. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1:Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/. 6. Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., et al. 2012. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe: Part 1. European Commission. 7. Council of Europe 2003. Carpathian Workshop on Large Carnivore Conservation. CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS. Directorate of Culture and of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Brasov. 8. IUCN 2011b. European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe/european-red-list-site. 9. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) Species fact sheet. [cited 09/12/2011]. Available from: http:// www.lcie.org/lcie_lc_lynx.htm. 10. von Arx, M., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Zimmermann, F., et al. Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe. Available from: http://www.kora.ch/en/proj/elois/ online/index.html. 11. Jędrzejewski, W., Nowak, S., Schmidt, K., et al. 2002. Wolves and lynx in Poland – results of a census in 2001. Problemy Nauk Biologicznych, 51: 491–499. 12. Schmidt, K., Kowalczyk, R., Ozolins, J., et al. 2009. Genetic structure of the Eurasian lynx population in north-eastern Poland and the Baltic states. Conservation Genetics, 10 (2): 497–501. 13. Breitenmoser, U., Arx, M., Bego, F., et al. 2008. Strategic planning for the conservation of the Balkan lynx. Preceedings of the III Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation. Skopje. 14. Mirič, D. 1978. Lynx lynx martinoi ssp. nova – neue Luchsunterart von der Balkanhalbinsel. Bulletin Museum Historie Naturalium Belgrade, 33: 29–36. 15. EuroNatur 2011. Projekt Luchs – Projektbericht 2009–2011. 16. van den Brink, F.H. 1955. A field guide to the mammals of Britain and Europe, London, UK: Collins & Sons. 1–221, figs, pls. 17. Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., et al. 2012. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe: Part 2. European Commission. 18. EuroNatur 2011. Balkanluchs in weiterem Gebiet in Mazedonien nachgewiesen. Available from: http://www. euronatur.org/EuroNatur-aktuell.7+M59630c88369.0.html?&cHash=acad- 6460f2950fa884808be939b4b398. 19. EuroNatur 2010. Luchs tappt in die Fotofalle. Available from: http://www.euronatur. org/EuroNatur-aktuell.7+M50766f- 89b8f.0.html?&cHash=1e339cf9af4b- 482f715aac67192718bd. 20. EuroNatur 2011. Bitte lächeln! Erster Balkanluchs in Albanien fotografiert. Available from: http://www.euronatur.org/EuroNa- tur-aktuell.7+M55ee25f549a.0.html?&- cHash=93ffdd9ef6b7078f23c78ee465887e71. 21. European Wildlife 2011. European lynx – a new visitor of two national parks. Available from: http://www.eurowildlife.org/news/ european-lynx-a-new-visitor-of-two-national-parks/. 22. Ministerium für Ländlichen Raum und Verbraucherschutz Baden-Württemberg 2013. Erste Luchs-Sichtung in Baden-Württemberg seit 2007. 23. Gray, R. 2013. Wild lynx to be brought back to British countryside. The Telegraph. 24. Schmidt, K., Ratkiewicz, M. & Konopiński, M.K. 2011. The importance of genetic variability and population differentiation in the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx for conservation, in the context of habitat and climate change. Mammal Review, 41 (2): 112–124. 25. Wechselberger, M., Rigg, R. & Bet’ková, S. 2005. An investigation of public opinion aboout the three species of large carnivores in Slovakia: brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx). Slovak Wildlife Society. Liptovský Hrádok. 26. Bath, A., Olszanska, A. & Okarma, H. 2008. From a Human Dimensions Perspective, the Unknown Large Carnivore: Public Attitudes Toward Eurasian Lynx in Poland. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13 (1): 31–46. 27. Lescureux, N., Linnell, J.D.C., Mustafa, S., et al. 2011. Fear of the unknown: local knowledge and perceptions of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in western Macedonia. Oryx, 45: 600–607. Reviewer • Professor Luigi Boitani 111
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
Page 64 and 65: Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
Page 66 and 67: References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
Page 68 and 69: 3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
Page 70 and 71: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75: Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 80 and 81: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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