130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Table 3. Major reasons for positive change in the status of the Iberian lynx in Europe. latter focuses on public outreach, patrols for illegal poaching and increased road safety (e.g. under-/overpasses, reduced speed zones, fencing, reflective lighting) [10] , and these actions are argued to have greatly decreased mortality [44] . Stakeholder engagement has led to some landowners signing agreements with the administration in order to, for example, suspend rabbit hunting [1] . However, these were based mostly on economic compensation and there is no published study that demonstrates a change in owners’ attitudes towards Iberian lynx [1] . Nevertheless, the involvement of land owners is important, as the majority of lynx occur on private property [10] . The translocation of four individuals from Sierra Morena has successfully increased genetic diversity in the Doñana population [45, 46] , and reintroductions have been undertaken into Guadalmellato and Guarrizas [10] using individuals raised as part of the Iberian Lynx Captive Breeding Programme [47] . However, captive breeding cannot really be argued to have contributed to the conservation of extant wild population and the success of the reintroductions is pending rigorous evaluation [1] . Overall, both extant populations of lynx have shown moderate improvements in status over the past few decades, and much of this appears to be attributable to habitat management while the relative importance of education, road safety measures and reintroductions remains unknown. Recent developments Rank Reason for change Description 1 Land/water protection & management 2 Species management – measures to decrease non-natural mortality 3 Species management – translocations, reintroductions and captive breeding 4 Species management – stakeholder engagement & education The Doñana population has been increasing at a lower rate than the other extant population over the past few years, and this increase is attributable to recoveries outside the National Park, while inside its boundaries the trend is reasonably stable [44] . Lower predator control and growth of thick scrubland associated with a shift from small to large game hunting management may have been beneficial for rabbits and therefore lynx in the Sierra Morena [39] . Habitat quality improvements are argued to have contributed to some improvements in status in both extant populations [10] . The high relative density of lynx found in protected areas is also attributed to habitat management strategies [43] . Patrols for illegal poaching and better road safety [10] are argued to have greatly decreased mortality [44] . Translocation has increased genetic diversity in Doñana [45] , and reintroductions have been undertaken into Guadalmellato and Guarrizas [10] using captive-bred individuals [47] . Some landowners have signed agreements to suspend rabbit hunting [1] . However, these were based on economic compensation and it is not clear whether attitudes towards the species have improved [1] . However, the population’s genetic diversity is of concern, being much lower than that of the Sierra Morena [46] . In a bid to increase genetic diversity, a total of four individuals were translocated from the Sierra Morena in 2007, 2008 and 2010 [45, 46, 48, 49] . These releases are set to continue until a minimum of four individuals have settled permanently in Doñana [44] (Table 3). The Sierra Morena population, on the other hand, has more than doubled since 2002 [44] . An extensive breeding programme resulted in the first kittens being born in captivity in 2005 [50] . The first half of 2009 saw the survival of 17 cubs, bringing the number raised in the Iberian Lynx Captive Breeding Programme to 77 [47] . In Portugal, the National Centre for the Iberian Lynx opened in 2009 [47] ; it is the first captive breeding centre in the country and lynx are to be transferred here from Andalusia [47] . With the opening of another facility at Cáceres in 2011, breeding centres now exist in four locations in Spain and one in Portugal [51] . While captive breeding has clearly been successful, the significance of its contribution to the conservation of the species is unknown [1] . Reintroductions into an area deemed suitable in Guadalmellato (Córdoba) started in 2009 and appear to be successful so far despite a number of setbacks [52–54] . Releases are continuing, with three juvenile males and two females being the first to receive a hard release in March 2011 [55, 56] , bringing the current number of individuals in this population to 12 [57] . Another target area for reintroduction is Guarrizas [58] , where five individuals were introduced in 2011 [59] after spending a year in pre-release enclosures [49] . Despite the loss of a female [60] and one of the founding males [61] , reintroductions are continuing [61] , and the population currently numbers five [57] . In addition, habitat management is ongoing as part of the LIFE programme in various regions, including Castilla-La Mancha and Andalucía in Spain, and in Portugal [10] . One continuing problem for the Iberian lynx is human-induced mortality. For example, in Doñana, at least 62% of all deaths had anthropogenic causes [28] . In particular, infrastructure developments in and around the parks, as well as dispersal of a growing lynx population, have resulted in a large increase in road casualties. To ease the impact of traffic on the lynx, two overpasses opened in 2011 around the Doñana Natural Area [62] and there is evidence that these are being utilised by the species [63] . The threat remains, however, and roads are also a major concern in Sierra Morena, especially near the reintroduction site Guadalmellato [64] . Although there is evidence of a more recent recovery in abundance of the Iberian lynx in 116
Figure 3. Map of recent developments recorded for the Iberian lynx in Europe. Expansion Persistence Contraction ^_ [j [j ^_ ^_ Y Y ª ª [j G[j ^_^_ _ Captive breeding j Habitat management ? Poaching G Genetic supplementation Y Reintroduction Europe, the species’ conservation has been criticised for lack of continuity and focus on small areas, and the species continues to be at risk of extinction through continued habitat loss, anthropogenic mortality, and disease [65] . However, the current species status is perhaps more positive than described [10] . A range of conservation measures are being taken, with the hope to improve the species’ status sufficiently to downlist it to Endangered [10] . Continued and targeted management of the species and its habitat is of utmost importance, and particular focus should be on joining up fragmented populations [66] to contribute to more genetic variability and thus increased viability [23] . Exchanges are already occurring between the two newly reintroduced populations and the extant Sierra Morena population [10] . If threats can be successfully mitigated and genetic integrity ensured, it is not unreasonable to assume that the Iberian lynx can reclaim some of the territory it has lost, at least in areas where suitable habitat remains. References 1. Rodríguez, A. 2013. Pers. comm. 2. Ferreras, P., Beltrán, J.F., Aldama, J.J., et al. 1997. Spatial organization and land tenure system of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Journal of Zoology, 243 163–189. 3. Beltrán, J.F. & Delibes, M. 1994. Environmental determinants of circadian activity of free-ranging Iberian lynxes. Journal of Mammalogy, 75 (2): 382–393. 4. Ferreras, P., Rodríguez, A., Palomares, F., et al. 2010. Iberian lynx: the difficult recovery of a critically endangered cat, in Biology and conservation of wild felids, D.W. MacDonald and A.J. Loveridge, Editors., Oxford University Press: Oxford. 5. Kurtén, B. & Granqvist, E. 1987. Fossil pardel lynx (Lynx pardina spelaea Boule) from a cave in southern France. Ann. Zool. Fennici, 24: 39–43. 6. Gibb, J.A. 1990. The European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Rabbit, hares and pikas: status survey and conservation action plan, A. Chapman and J.E.C. Flux, Editors., IUCN/SCC Lagomorph Specialist Group, Information Press: Oxford, United Kingdom. 7. Rodríguez, A. & Delibes, M. 2002. Internal structure and patterns of contraction in the geographic range of the Iberian lynx. Ecography, 25 (3): 314–328. 8. Rodríguez, A. & Delibes, M. 1992. Current range and status of the Iberian lynx Felis pardina Temmnick, 1824 in Spain. Biological Conservation, 61: 189–196. 9. Sarmento, P., Cruz, J., Monterroso, P., et al. 2009. Status survey of the critically endangered Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus in Portugal. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 55: 247–253. 10. Simón, M.A., Gil-Sánchez, J.M., Ruiz, G., et al. 2012. Reverse of the decline of the endangered Iberian lynx. Conservation Biology, 26 (4): 731–736. 11. Palomares, F., Delibes, M., Revilla, E., et al. 2001. Spatial Ecology of Iberian Lynx and Abundance of European Rabbits in Southwestern Spain. Wildlife Monographs, 148: 1–36. 12. Delibes, M., Rodríguez, A. & Ferreras, P. 2000. Action Plan for the conservation of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in Europe. Nature and Environment Series no. 111. Council of Europe Publishing. Strasbourg. 13. Calzada, J., Guzmán, J.N. & Rodríguez, A. 2007. Lynx pardinus (Temminck, 1827), in Atlas y Libro Rojo de mamíferos terrestres de España, L.J. Palomo, J. Gisbert, and J.C. Blanco, Editors., Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SECEM-SECEMU: Madrid. 14. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 2011. Appendices I, II and III. 15. Council of Europe 1979. Convention On The Conservation Of European Wildlife And Natural Habitats. European Treaties Series. 16. Council of Europe 1992. Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. 17. Vargas, A., Sánchez, I., Martínez, F., et al. 2008. The Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus conservation breeding programme. International Zoo Yearbook, 42: 190–198. 117
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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Page 70 and 71: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75: Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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