130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and Croatia [13] , there is no formal plan in place in any of the countries of occurrence as yet [7] . In Norway, for example, current policy will not allow for a dramatic increase in the small local population, although its future will be secure as long as their neighbours Finland and Sweden do not change their management procedures [13] . Despite stable or increasing population trends, the Brown bear remains threatened by habitat loss due to infrastructure development, disturbance, poor management structures, intrinsic factors, accidental mortality and persecution [7] . Most of these are expected to become more important in the future [7] . However, it is low acceptance by stakeholders and the public alike that will present the greatest obstacle in the future conservation management of this species [31] , especially in areas where increasing abundance and range expansion is leading to greater contact between bears and people. In Finland, 50% still consider the species a threat to human safety [13] . And although attitudes towards Brown bears were generally positive in the Croatian Dinaric Mountains, the public has become less accepting over time as a result of more centralised species and hunting management, and a growing population size [32] . However, often it is feelings rather than the perceived impact or indeed knowledge about the species that act as a stronger predictor of accepted management options [33] , so there are opportunities to influence public opinion through continued education. Active and continuous participation of stakeholders in management and decision-making, which includes hunting, can increase the support of species conservation by evoking a sense of ownership and control over carnivore populations [32, 34] , and this will need to be taken into consideration in any future management of the Brown bear in Europe. 148
Figure 5. Map of recent developments recorded for the Brown bear in Europe. ¿ d d i d D i À Expansion Persistence Contraction D Extirpation d Intentional mortality i New sighting À Population decline À Population increase References 1. Swenson, J.E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B., et al. 2000. Action Plan for the conservation of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Nature and Environment, N. 114. Council of Europe. 2. Swenson, J. 2013. Pers. comm. 3. Kaczensky, P., Huber, D., Knauer, F., et al. 2006. Activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia. Journal of Zoology, 269: 474–485. 4. Sommer, R.S. & Benecke, N. 2005. The recolonization of Europe by brown bears Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 after the Last Glacial Maximum. Mammal Review, 35 (2): 156–164. 5. Servheen, C., Herrero, Stephen & Peyton, Bernard 1999. Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group. 6. Huber, D. 2013. Pers. comm. 7. Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., et al. 2012. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe: Part 1. European Commission. 8. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups 1998. Brown bear conservation action plan for Europe (Ursus arctos), in Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan., C. Servheen, S. Herrero, and B. Peyton, Editors., IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: 55–192. 9. Silva, J.P., Demeter, A., Toland, J., Jones, W., Eldridge, J., Hudson, T., O’Hara E. & Thévignot, C. 2011. LIFE and European Mammals: Improving their conservation status. LIFE Focus. European Union. Luxembourg. 64. 10. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1:Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/. 11. IUCN 2011b. European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/ europe/european-red-list-site. 12. Bear Online Information System for Europe Bear Online Information System for Europe. Available from: http://www.kora.ch/sp-ois/ bear-ois/index.htm. 13. Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., et al. 2012. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe: Part 2. European Commission. 14. Pilāts, V. & Ozoliņš, J. 2003. Status of brown bear in Latvia. Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 13 (1): 65–71. 15. Kindberg, J. 2010. Monitoring and management of the Swedish brown bear (Ursus arctos) population. Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 45. 16. van den Brink, F.H. 1955. A field guide to the mammals of Britain and Europe, London, UK: Collins & Sons. 1–221, figs, pls. 17. Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B., Swenson, J.E., et al. 2001. Status and management of the brown bear in Europe. Ursus, 12: 9–20. 18. Capt, S., Lüps, P., Nigg, H., et al. 2005. Relikt oder geordneter Rückzug ins Réduit – Fakten zur Ausrottungsgeschichte des Braunbären Ursus arctos in der Schweiz. KORA. Muri. 19. Rigg, R., Findo, S., Wechselberger, M., et al. 2011. Mitigating carnivore-livestock conflict in Europe: lessons from Slovakia. Oryx, 45 (2): 272–280. 20. smd/spiegel/ap/bbc 2006. Brown Bear Meets a Tragic End, Der Spiegel. 21. EuroNatur 2008. EuroNatur kritisiert Abschuss von Brunos Bruder „JJ3“. Available from: http://www.euronatur.org/EuroNa- tur-aktuell.7+M56bbb5b430a.0.html?&- cHash=ba7f37b7d6f6ae61c67e06411e360670. 22. Kaczensky, P., Blazic, P. & Gossow, H. 2004. Public attitudes towards brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovenia. Biological Conservation, 118: 661–674. 23. Schwartz, C.C., Swenson, J.E. & Miller, S.D. 2003. Large carnivores, moose, and humans: a changing paradigm of predator management in the 21st century. Alces, 39: 41–63. 24. Smith, M. 2009. French Pyrenees: bad news bears. The Telegraph. 25. WWF WWF Romania Protected Areas Campaign. Available from: http://wwf. panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/ black_sea_basin/danube_carpathian/our_ solutions/forests_and_protected_areas/ protected_areas/romania_protected_areas_ campaign222/ . 26. Güthlin, D., Knauer, F., Kneib, T., et al. 2011. Estimating habitat suitability and potential population size for brown bears in the Eastern Alps. Biological Conservation, 144 1733–1741. 27. Wiegand, T., J., Stephan, T. & Fernandez, A. 1998. Assessing the risk of extinction for the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in the Cordillera Cantabrica, Spain. Ecological Applications, 68 (4): 539–570. 28. Palomero, G., Ballesteros, F., Nores, C., et al. 2007. Trends in the number and distribution of brown bear females with cubs-of-the-year in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. Ursus, 18 (2): 145–157. 29. Fernández-Gil, A., Ordiz, A. & Naves, J. 2010. Are Cantabrian brown bears recovering? Ursus, 21 (1): 121–124. 30. EuroNatur 2011. Fotofalle blitzt Bär und Wolf. Available from: http://www.euronatur.org/ Braunbaer-aktuell.761+M53cd1841591.0.html?&cHash=0604c27488088934813031dc0cf f197b. 31. Bath, A. & Buchanan, T. 1989. Attitudes of interest groups in Wyoming toward wolf restoration in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 17: 519–525. 32. Majić, A., Marino Taussig de Bodonia, A., Huber, D., et al. 2011. Dynamics of public attitudes toward bears and the role of bear hunting in Croatia. Biological Conservation, 144: 3018–3027. 33. Glikman, J.A., Vaske, J.J., Bath, A.J., et al. 2012. Residents’ support for wolf and bear conservation: the moderating influence of knowledge. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 58 (1): 295–302. 34. Treves, A. 2009. Hunting for large carnivore conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46 (6): 1350–1356. Reviewers • Dr Djuro Huber • Dr Jon Swenson 149
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 100 and 101: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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