Action Description Impact Monitor<strong>in</strong>g and Systematic monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> most countries. Medium plann<strong>in</strong>g International Species Action Plan <strong>in</strong> place and national or regional Action Plans <strong>in</strong> place or <strong>in</strong> preparation <strong>in</strong> some countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and the UK). High Site/Area protection Site/Area management There are 641 IBAs identified for Red kite <strong>in</strong> Europe, of which 52% are fully designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 4% are not protected. Mitigation of the most dangerous powerl<strong>in</strong>es. Buffer zones around nests. Medium Low High Species recovery Supplementary feed<strong>in</strong>g. Medium Species re<strong>in</strong>troduction Education and awareness Re<strong>in</strong>troduction projects <strong>in</strong> Italy (Tuscany and the Marche), Brita<strong>in</strong> and Ireland. Awareness rais<strong>in</strong>g for foresters, landowners and public. High Medium Legislation Legally protected <strong>in</strong> all countries <strong>in</strong> Europe. High Drivers of recovery Red kites have benefitted from legal protection, monitor<strong>in</strong>g and targeted conservation actions across most of their distribution, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g re<strong>in</strong>troduction projects <strong>in</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> and Ireland and <strong>in</strong> Italy [13] . In order to ensure the survival of Red kite populations, it is critical that the illegal use of poison baits is halted, while the risk of secondary poison<strong>in</strong>g follow<strong>in</strong>g rodent control campaigns must also be reduced [13, 14] . Red kite habitat should also be preserved by ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g low <strong>in</strong>tensity grassland management and ensur<strong>in</strong>g that sanitary regulations do not prevent the availability of livestock carcasses [13, 14] . Table 4. Conservation actions <strong>in</strong> place for Red kite [14] . 220
References 1. Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. 2001. Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. 2. Lovegrove, R. 1990. The Kite’s Tale – The Story of the Red Kite <strong>in</strong> Wales. Sandy: RSPB. 3. Carter, I. 2007. The Red Kite. Shrewsbury: Arlequ<strong>in</strong> Press. 4. Aebischer, A. 2009. Der Rotmilan – E<strong>in</strong> Fasz<strong>in</strong>ierender Greifvogel. Bern: Haupt Verlag. 5. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds <strong>in</strong> Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 6. Mougeot, F., Garcia, J.T. & Viñuela, J. 2011. Breed<strong>in</strong>g biology, behaviour, diet and conservation of the Red Kite (Milvus milvus), with particular emphasis on Mediterranean populations. In I. Zuberogoitia & J.E. Martínez (eds). Ecology and Conservation of European Forest-Dwell<strong>in</strong>g Raptors. Bilbao: Diputación Foral de Bizkaia. 7. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitor<strong>in</strong>g Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 8. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 9. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds <strong>in</strong> the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen: BirdLife International. 10. Mionnet, A. 2007. The Red Kite <strong>in</strong> France: Distribution, Population Development and Threats. Vitry-le-François: LPO. 11. Aebischer, A. 2009. Distribution and recent population changes of the Red Kite <strong>in</strong> the Western Palaearctic – results of a recent comprehensive <strong>in</strong>quiry. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Red Kite International Symposium, October 2009, France: 12–14. Paris: LPO Mission Rapaces. 12. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds <strong>in</strong> Europe: Their Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 13. BirdLife International. 2013. Species Factsheet: Milvus milvus. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3353 [accessed on 20 August 2013]. 14. Knott, J., Newbery, P. & Barov, B. 2010. Action Plan for the Red Kite Milvus milvus <strong>in</strong> the European Union. Strasbourg: European Commission. 15. LPO BirdLife France. 2012. 1980–2012 Breed<strong>in</strong>g bird <strong>in</strong>ventory of France. Database. Rochefort: LPO. 16. Mammen, U. 2009. Situation and population development of Red Kites <strong>in</strong> Germany. In F. David (ed.). Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Red Kite International Symposium, October 2009, France: 15–16. Rocheford: LPO. 17. Bank, L. & Balázs, I. 2010. Vörös kánya állományadatok – 2010 [Red Kite Population Data 2010] (<strong>in</strong> Hungarian). Heliaca 8: 42–43. 18. Golden Eagle Trust. 2013. B3 Flies Free Aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Co. Dubl<strong>in</strong> [press release: 20 August 2013]. Available from: http://raptorpolitics.org. uk/2013/08/20/the-golden-eagle-trust-ltd- 2013-red-kite-report-ireland/ [accessed on 24 August 2013]. 19. Kerus, V. 2013. <strong>in</strong> litt. 20. Raudonikis, L. 2013. <strong>in</strong> litt. 21. Lorgé, P. & Melchior, E. 2010. Unpublished data. Vögel Luxemburgs (LNVL). 22. Foppen, R. 2013. <strong>in</strong> litt. 23. Neubauer, G., Sikora, A., Chodkiewicz, T., Cenian, Z., Chylarecki, P., Archita, B., Betleja, J., Rohde, Z., Wieloch, M., Woźniak, B., Zieliński, P. & M., Z. 2011. Monitor<strong>in</strong>g populacji ptaków Polski w latach 2008–2009. Biuletyn Monitor<strong>in</strong>gu Przyrody 8: 1–40. 24. Puzović, S. & Ružić, M. 2013. <strong>in</strong> litt. 25. Štátna Ochrana Prírody Slovenskej Republiky. 2013. Vyhodnotenie Stavu Populacie, Trendov. Banská Bystrica: Štátna Ochrana Prírody Slovenskej Republiky. 26. Ottosson, U., Ottvall, R., Elmberg, J., Green, M., Gustafsson, R., Haas, F., Holmqvist, N., L<strong>in</strong>dström, Å., Nilsson, L., Svensson, M. & Tjernberg, M. 2012. Fåglana i Sverige – antal och förekomst. Halmstad: SOF. 27. Broch, L. & Aebischer, A. 2009. Long term monitor<strong>in</strong>g of breed<strong>in</strong>g Red Kites <strong>in</strong> Western Switzerland. In F. David (ed.). 2009 Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Red Kite International Symposium, October 2009, France: 43–45. Rocheford: LPO. 28. Holl<strong>in</strong>g, M. 2013. <strong>in</strong> litt. 29. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. New York: Nelson. 30. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breed<strong>in</strong>g Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 31. Evans, I.M. & Pienkowski, M.W. 1991. World status of the Red Kite – a background to the experimental re<strong>in</strong>troduction to England and Scotland. British Birds 84: 171–187. 32. Ortlieb, R. 1989. Der Rotmilan Milvus milvus. Wittenberg: Ziemsen. 33. Aebischer, A. 2013. <strong>in</strong> litt. 34. LPO BirdLife France. 2009. Evaluation du plan national d’actions (2003– 2007). Paris: LPO. 35. Smart, J., Amar, A., Sim, I.M.W., Etheridge, B., Cameron, D., Christie, G. & Wilson, J.D. 2010. llegal kill<strong>in</strong>g slows population recovery of a re-<strong>in</strong>troduced raptor of high conservation concern – The red kite Milvus milvus. Biological Conservation 143: 1278–1286. 36. BBC. 2013. RSPB fears Red KItes are be<strong>in</strong>g poisoned <strong>in</strong> Northern Ireland. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-northern-ireland-23781921 [accessed on 24 August 2013]. 37. Schaub, M. 2012. Spatial distribution of w<strong>in</strong>d turb<strong>in</strong>es is crucial for the survival of red kite populations. Biological Conservation 155: 111–118. Peer reviewers • Adrian Aebischer • Fabienne David 221
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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The comeback of large and charismat
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild