130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Acknowledgements This study on wildlife comeback in Europe was initiated by Rewilding Europe and commissioned to Zoological Society of London, BirdLife International and European Bird Census Council, through the financial support of the Swedish Postcode Lottery, Liberty Wildlife Fund and ARK Nature. We are grateful to WWF International for funding the Living Planet Index project, which provided mammal abundance data for this report, to the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) for providing population indices from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS), and to Wetlands International for providing indices from the International Waterbird Census (IWC). The species accounts presented in this report relied on the willingness of species experts to review the information we collated to help us present the most accurate picture of wildlife comeback in Europe. We would therefore like to give special thanks to our reviewers: Adrian Aebischer, Javier Alonso, Malin Aronsson, Juan Carlos Blanco, Luigi Boitani, Javier Bustamante, Bernard Cadiou, Juan Carranza, Inês Catry, Giorgos Catsadorakis, Jozef Chavko, Alain Crivelli, Fabienne David, Dimitar Demerdzhiev, Lucia Deutschova, Callan Duck, Olivier Duriez, Miguel Ferrer, Marco Festa-Bianchet, Alv Ottar Folkestad, Aldina Franco, Hans Frey, Robin Gill, Fulvio Genero, Luis Mariano González Garcia, Andy Green, Larry Griffin, Duncan Halley, Miklós Heltai, Márton Horváth, Djuro Huber, Baz Hughes, John Jackson, Thanos Kastritis, Kees Koffijberg, Bjarke Laubek, Franziska Lörcher, Antoni Margalida, Erik Meijaard, Tadeusz Mizera, Stephen Newton, Günter Nowald, Wanda Olech-Piasecka, Otto Overdijk, Jens Persson, Kajetan Perzanowski, Hartwig Prange, Remo Probst, Mátyás Prommer, Norman Ratcliffe, Carlos Rodríguez, Alejandro Rodríguez, Maurizio Sarà, Sue Sayer, Janusz Sielicki, Jon Swenson, Michel Terrasse, Kai-Michael Thomsen, and Henk van der Jeugd. Thanks also to José Tavares and Jovan Andevski of the Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF) for preparing species accounts for three vulture species, and to Petr Voříšek and Jana Škorpilová at the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS) and Statistics Netherlands for producing the population trends for five raptor species. Many people contributed to this report, without whom this work would not have been possible. We are extremely grateful for the generous help of species experts, organisations and networks that provided data and information: Adrian Aebischer, Javier Alonso, Jovan Andevski, Hólmfríður Arnardóttir, Victor Belik, Keith Bensusan, Arjan Boele, Larisa Bogdea, Yuliya Bondarenko, Luka Božič, Ivan Budinski, Inês Catry, Giorgos Catsadorakis, Claudio Celada, Jozef Chavko, Tomasz Chodkiewicz, Przemysław Chylarecki, Olivia Crowe, Sinéad Cummins, Bernard Deceuninck, Juan Carlos del Moral, Deivis Dementavicius, Dimitar Demerdzhiev, Katarina Denac, Maja Derlink, Sergey Domashevsky, Valery Dombrovski, Jaanus Elts, Richard Evans, Ciprian Fantana, Ruud Foppen, Tony Fox, Aldina Franco, Vladimir Galushin, Andy Green, Richard Gregory, Larry Griffin, Marco Gustin, Ben Hallmann, Gergő Halmos, Richard Hearn, Martin Hellicar, Marc Herremans, Mark Holling, David Horal, Márton Horváth, Dan Hulea, Mihailo Jovicevic, Johanna Karthäuser, Thanos Kastritis, Viesturs Kerus, Elena Kmetova, Dražen Kotrošan, Andras Kovács, Jim Kushlan, Janis Kuze, Robert Kwak, Lars Lachmann, Bjarke Laubek, Teemu Lehtiniemi, Åke Lindstrom, Patric Lorgé, Jesper Madsen, Ubbo Mammen, Saša Marinković, Allan Mee, Tibor Mikuska, Yuriy Milobog, Claire Mirande, Carl Mitchell, Szabolcs Nagy, Reno Nellis, Veronica Neves, Stephen Newton, Günter Nowald, Ismo Nuuja, Torgeir Nygård, Otto Overdijk, Jean-Yves Paquet, Charles Perez, Hartwig Prange, Remo Probst, Mátyás Prommer, Slobodan Puzovic, Gwenaël Quaintenne, Jaime Ramos, Norman Ratcliffe, Liutauras Raudonikis, Eileen Rees, Mira Ruda, Milan Ruzic, Pertti Lauri Saurola, Darko Saveljić, Hans Schmid, Saulis Skuja, Svetoslav Spasov, Nikola Stojnic, Stoycho Stoychev, Maris Strazds, David Stroud, Elchin Sultanov, Péter Szinai, José Tavares, Joaquim Teodósio, Kai-Michael Thomsen, José Torres Esquivias, Rimgaudas Treinys, Wim Van den Bossche, Henk van der Jeugd, Chris van Turnhout, Metodija Velevski, Zdeněk Vermouzek, Vitaly Vetrov, Al Vrezec, Jasper Wehrmann, Gabor Wichmann, Georg Willi, and Simon Wotton, as well as Wetlands International, Research and Monitoring for and with Raptors in Europe (EURAPMON), Monitoring of European Raptors and Owls (MEROS), IUCN/Wetlands International Species Survival Commission (SSC) Specialist Groups on Pelicans, Geese, Cranes, Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills, European Crane Working Group, Albanian Society for the Protection of Birds, BirdLife Belarus (APB), Nase Ptice (Bosnia & Herzegovina), Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB), BIOM (Croatia), BirdLife Cyprus, BirdLife Finland, Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux (LPO), Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU), Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (MME), BirdWatch Ireland, Lega Italiana Protezione Uccelli (LIPU), Lithuanian Ornithological Society (LOD), natur&umwelt (Luxembourg), Macedonian Ecological Society (MES), Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Zoology, Academy of Science of Moldova, Center for Protection and Research of Birds (CZIP, Montenegro), Sovon Vogelonderzoek Nederland, Polish Society for the Protection of Birds (OTOP), Romanian Ornithological Society (SOR), Bird Protection and Study Society of Serbia, DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia, SEO/BirdLife Spain, Ukrainian Society for the Protection of Birds (USPB), Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society (GONHS), Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), Rare Breeding Birds Panel (RBBP, UK), and the many other organisations that facilitate the collection and provision of monitoring data for schemes like PECBMS and IWC. Furthermore, we would like to thank Emma Cutten, Clare Duncan, Jonathan Gunasekera, Peter Hill, Nicole Maddock, Susie Offord, Charlotte Outhwaite, Victoria Price, Louise Raggett, Michael Taylor and Carolyn Thompson for their help with mammal species accounts, map digitisation, data searches and data entry. Richard German digitised and updated the bird species distribution maps, with support from Mark Balman, Joe Taylor, Lynda Donaldson and Chris Doble, and Rob Pople helped collate information on threats and conservation actions. Deli Saavedra, Frans Schepers and Staffan Widstrand at Rewilding Europe and Ariel Brunner and Wim Van den Bossche at BirdLife Europe provided valuable feedback on the report. We are very grateful to the report designer Kristjan Jung at Rewilding Europe. His design, together with the stunning photographs of European wildlife kindly provided by Wild Wonders of Europe (www.wild-wonders.com) and Rewilding Europe (www.rewildingeurope.com) not only brings this report alive – it emphasises the importance of wildlife comeback and wilderness in Europe.
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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158
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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Page 276 and 277: A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281: Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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Page 284 and 285: The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287: A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289: The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291: species [44] [45] and if animals be
Page 292 and 293: One of the challenges around increa
Page 294 and 295: Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297: Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299: key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301: Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303: Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305: References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307: 113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309: Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
Page 312: WILDLIFE COMEBACK IN EUROPE THE REC
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