130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

Recommendations

Info

Figure 3. Map of recent developments recorded for the Harbour seal in Europe. Expansion Persistence Contraction S jB jB d ¿ jB jB B Habitat degradation/ change S Legal protection d Accidental mortality À Population increase i New sighting (in river tributary) → Further range expansion i Recent developments There have been a number of mass mortality events in European seals in the past [12, 36] , and disease [44] and high levels of pollution [45] continue to be a problem. For example, over 900 seals, many of them juveniles, were left dead on the Schleswig-Holstein coast in 2010 due to a suspected nematode infestation [46] . In addition, widespread high concentrations of organochloride compounds from contaminated prey have been identified in a number of seal populations, including the Baltic area and Swedish coast [47] , the Dutch coast [48] , German Wadden Sea [49] and Britain [50] . These contaminants are released in the seal’s body when fat reserves are mobilised and have been shown to affect reproductive success [10, 47] . Conflict with fisheries, and associated culling and by-catch mortality, are also sizeable threats to the species. In addition, human disturbance is an issue; it has been shown, for example, that human presence at haul-out sites has a detrimental effect on seal behaviour [51] . There are also concerns over the genetic diversity of the species in Europe due to bottlenecks and the resulting fragmentation of populations, with some populations showing low effective population size, such as in Svalbard [52] . Recently, an increasing number of seal carcasses has been found in England (Norfolk), Scotland and Northern Ireland [53] exhibiting so called corkscrew lacerations [23, 53] . The resulting single smooth-edged cut starting at the head and spiralling down the body (skin and blubber are often detached from the underlying tissue) [23] is consistent with seals being drawn through a ducted propeller [23, 53] . In total, over 65 grey and harbour seals of all age classes and sexes have been recovered [23] . While this level of mortality is negligible in large populations, it may well exacerbate declines in smaller populations [23] . For example, it is considered a significant cause of mortality in the Firth of Tay [53] . In addition, the species may be increasingly driven from sites through developments in marine renewables such as costal and off-shore wind farms, as has been observed at Scroby Sands (UK) [54] . However, there are also positive developments for the Harbour seal. In Scotland, the outdated Conservation of Seals Act 1970 was replaced with the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 (Part 6) [27] . This Act increases protection, including a new offence of harassment at designated haul-out sites. Although shooting of seals for the protection of fisheries is still permitted, it is regulated by licence and there are specific limits on numbers that may be taken in each of seven Seal Management Areas around Scotland [27] . Plans by the Scottish government to protect coastal sites used by only half the nation’s seals have been widely criticised [55] , but may represent an important first step. In Germany, counts of Harbour seals on the Niedersachsen coast revealed the largest population size since records began in 1958, with a total number of over 6,600 individuals [56] . Overall, the number of seals in the Wadden Sea reached over 21,600 in 2009 [57] and grew to over 24,100 in 2011 [13] . There are also records of the species spreading further south, and into large rivers. One individual was sighted 200 km inland in the Dordogne river in southwest France [58] . 138
References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1:Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/. 2. Reijnders, P., Brasseur, S., van der Toorn, J., et al. 1993. Seals, fur seals, sea lions, and walrus: Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Seal Specialist Group. Cambridge, U.K. 3. Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 2010. Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations 2010. 4. Härkönen, T. 1987. Seasonal and regional variations in the feeding habits of the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat. Journal of Zoology, 213: 535–543. 5. Reijnders, P.J.H. 1978. Recruitment in the harbour seal Phoca vitulina population in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 12: 164–179. 6. Härkönen, T., Hårding, K.C. & Lunneryd, S.G. 2001. Age- and sex-specific behaviour in harbour seals Phoca vitulina leads to biased estimates of vital population parameters. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36 7. Goodman, S.J. 1998. Patterns of extensive genetic differentiation and variation among European Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina) revealed using microsatellite DNA polymorphisms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15 (2): 104–118. 8. Mees, J. & Reijnders, P.J.H. 1994. The harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in the Oosterschelde: decline and possibilities for recovery. Hydrobiologia, 282/283 9. Reijnders, P.J.H. 1992. Retrospective analysis and related future management perspectives for the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) in the Wadden Sea, in Proceedings of the 7th International Wadden Sea Symposium, Ameland, The Netherlands, 22–26 Oct 1990, N. Dankers, C.J. Smit, and M. Scholl, Editors., Netherlands Institute for Sea Research: 193–197. 10. Reijnders, P.J.H. 1986. Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. Nature, 324: 456–457. 11. Dietz, R., Heide-Jørgensen, M.-P. & Härkönen, T. 1989. Mass deaths of Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) In Europe. Ambio, 18 (5): 258–264. 12. Härkönen, T., Dietz, R., Reijnders, P., et al. 2006. The 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus epidemics in European harbour seals. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 68 (2): 115–130. 13. Trilateral Seal Expert Group 2011. Aerial surveys of Harbour Seals in the Wadden Sea in 2011. 14. IUCN 2011b. European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe/ european-red-list-site. 15. Council of Europe 1992. Council Directive 92/43/ EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. 16. Council of Europe 1979. Convention On The Conservation Of European Wildlife And Natural Habitats. European Treaties Series. 17. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) 2009. Appendices I and II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). 18. Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea 1994. Ministerial Declaration of the 7th Trilateral Governmental Conference on the Protection of the Wadden Sea. 19. Duck, C. 2013. Pers. comm. 20. Gärdenfors, U. 2005. The 2005 Red List of Swedish Species. ArtDatabanken, SLU Uppsala. 21. Kålås, J.A., Viken, Å. & Bakken, T. 2006. Norsk Rødliste 2006 – 2006 Norwegian Red List. Artsdatabanken: Norway. 22. UICN France, MNHN, SFEPM, et al. 2009. La Liste rouge des espèces menacées en France – Chapitre Mammifères de France métropolitaine. Paris, France. 23. Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 2011. Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2011. 24. Lydersen, C. & Kovacs, K.M. 2010. Status and biology of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Svalbard. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 8: 47–60. 25. UK Government 1970. Conservation of Seals Act 1970. United Kingdom. 26. UK Government 1999. The Conservation of Seals (England) Order 1999. United Kingdom. 27. Scottish Government 2010. Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 – Part 6 ‘Conservation of seals’ United Kingdom. 28. Northen Ireland Environment Agency 1985. Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985. United Kingdom. 29. Reijnders, P.J.H., E.H., R., N., T., et al. 1997. Population development of Harbour seals Phoca vitulina in the Wadden Sea after the 1988 virus epizootic. J. Sea Res., 38 (1–2): 161–168. 30. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat The Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation. Available from: http:// www.waddensea-secretariat.org/trilat/trilat. html. 31. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat 2001. Conservation and Management Plan for the Wadden Sea seal population 2002 – 2006. 32. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat 2006. Conservation and Management Plan for the Wadden Sea seal population 2007 – 2010. 33. Common Wadden Sea Secretariat 2011. Conservation and Management Plan for the Wadden Sea seal population 2012 – 2016. 34. Härkönen, T., Harding, K., Goodman, S.J., et al. 2005. Colonization history of the Baltic Harbour seals: integrating archeological, behavioral, and genetic data. Marine Mammal Science, 21 (4): 695–716. 35. Heide-Jørgensen, M.-P. & Härkönen, T. 1988. Rebuilding seal stocks in the Kattegat-Skagerrak. Marine Mammal Science, 4 (3): 231–246. 36. Härkönen, T., Bäcklin, B.M., Barrett, T., et al. 2008. Mass mortality in harbour seals and harbour porpoises caused by an unknown pathogen. The Veterinary Record, 162 (17): 555–556. 37. Boedeker, D. & Dinter, W. 2008. Phoca vitulina vitulina (LINNAEUS 1758), Common (harbour) seal (Phocidae). Available from: http://www. helcom.fi/environment2/biodiv/endangered/ Mammals/en_GB/Phoca_vitulina_vitulina/. 38. Viklund, K., Tidlund, A., Brenner, U., et al. 2008. Havet 2008 – om miljötillståndet i svenska havsområden. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Stockholm. 39. Stanley, H.F., Case, S., Carnahan, J.M., et al. 1996. Worldwide Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA Differentiation in the Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13 (2): 368–382. 40. Härkönen, T. 2008. Seals. HELCOM Project to produce the HELCOM thematic assessment on biodiversity and nature conservation Sixth Meeting Helsinki, Finland, 21–22 October 2008. Helsinki Commission. Helsinki. 41. van den Brink, F.H. 1955. A field guide to the mammals of Britain and Europe, London, UK: Collins & Sons. 1–221, figs, pls. 42. Scheffer, V.B. 1958. Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses. A Review of the Pinnipedia, London: Oxford University Press. 43. Seal Conservation Society 2012. Harbour seal pup stranding and rehabilitation in the southern North Sea in relation to pup production. 44. Hall, A.J., Jepson, P.D., Goodman, S.J., et al. 2006. Phocine distemper virus in the North and European Seas – Data and models, nature and nurture. Biological Conservation, 131: 221–229. 45. de Swart, R.L., Ross, P.S., Vos, J.G., et al. 1996. Impaired Immunity in Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) Exposed to Bioaccumulated Environmental Contaminants: Review of a Long-term Feeding Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104 (4): 823–828. 46. Der Spiegel 2010. Forscher rätseln über massenhaftes Seehundesterben, Der Spiegel. 47. Helle, E., Olsson, M. & Jensen, S. 1976. DDT and PCB levels and reproduction in ringed seal from the Bothnian Bay. Ambio, 5: 188–189. 48. Koeman, J.H., van de Ven, W.S., de Goeij, J.J., et al. 1975. Mercury and selenium in marine mammals and birds. Science of the Total Environment, 3 (3): 279–287. 49. Drescher, H.E., Harms, U. & Huschenbeth, E. 1977. Organochlorines and Heavy Metals in the Harbour Seal Phoca vitulina from the German North Sea Coast. Marine Biology, 41: 99–106. 50. Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R. & Harwood, J. 1989. Concentrations of Organochlorine Compounds in the Blubber of Seals from Eastern and Northeastern England, 1988. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20 (3): 110–115. 51. Brasseur, S. & Fedak, M. 2003. Habitat use of Harbour seals in relation to recreation, fisheries and large infrastructural works, in Management of North Sea Harbour and Grey Seal Populations Proceedings of the International Symposium at EcoMare, Texel, The Netherlands November 29 – 30, 2002, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat: Netherlands. 52. Andersen, L., Lydersen, C., Frie, A.K., et al. 2011. A population on the edge: genetic diversity and population structure of the world’s northernmost harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102 (2): 420–439. 53. Thompson, D., Bexton, S., Brownlow, A., et al. 2010. Report on recent seal mortalities in UK waters caused by extensive lacerations. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews. St Andrews, Scotland. 54. Skeate, E.R., Perrow, M.R. & Gilroy, J.J. 2012. Likely effects of construction of Scroby Sands offshore wind farm on a mixed population of harbour Phoca vitulina and grey Halichoerus grypus seals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64: 872–881. 55. BBC 2011. Scotland’s ‘bizarre’ seal plans under fire. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ science-environment-13780738. 56. Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LAVES) 2010. Letzter Zählflug am Wochenende: Seehunden geht es im Niedersächsischen Wattenmeer so gut wie nie zuvor – höchster Bestand seit 1958. Presseinformatin Nr. 20 vom 23. August 2010. 57. UNEP and Common Wadden Sea Secretariat 2010. 20 Jahre Seehundschutz im Wattenmeer: Erstes Abkommen der Bonner Konvention feiert seinen Erfolg Available from: http://www. nationalpark-wattenmeer.de/node/922. 58. Stern 2011. Seehund lässt sich in südfranzösischem Fluss nieder. Der Stern Available from: http://www.stern.de/news2/aktuell/seehundlaesst-sich-in-suedfranzoesischem-flussnieder-1673640.html. Reviewer • Callan Duck 139
Page 1 and 2:
Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
Page 3 and 4:
Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
Page 5 and 6:
Table of contents Foreword . . . .
Page 7:
Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
Page 10 and 11:
The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
Page 12 and 13:
96 year old olive farmer with his d
Page 14 and 15:
12
Page 16 and 17:
Limitations of population trend dat
Page 18 and 19:
Constructing historical distributio
Page 20 and 21:
Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
Page 22 and 23:
Table 2. Definitions of classificat
Page 24 and 25:
22
Page 26 and 27:
3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
Page 28 and 29:
Table 2. Latest population estimate
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
Page 32 and 33:
Rank Reason for change Description
Page 34 and 35:
3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
Page 36 and 37:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
Page 38 and 39:
% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
Page 40 and 41:
3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
Page 42 and 43:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
Page 48 and 49:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
Page 54 and 55:
Scale Status Population trend Justi
Page 56 and 57:
% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
Page 58 and 59:
Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
Page 60 and 61:
3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
Page 62 and 63:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
Page 64 and 65:
Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
Page 66 and 67:
References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
Page 68 and 69:
3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
Page 70 and 71:
Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 72 and 73:
Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75:
Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77:
3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83:
lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85:
3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 94 and 95: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
Page 146 and 147: 144
Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
Page 160 and 161: 158
Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191:
Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193:
Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195:
4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
Page 196 and 197:
194
Page 198 and 199:
Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201:
4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203:
Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205:
Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207:
4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211:
Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213:
4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215:
No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217:
Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219:
4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221:
Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223:
Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 224 and 225:
4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227:
Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229:
References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231:
4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233:
Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235:
4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239:
Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 240 and 241:
4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243:
Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245:
4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247:
Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249:
Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251:
4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 2. Current distribution of E
Page 254 and 255:
252
Page 256 and 257:
4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259:
Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261:
Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263:
4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265:
Threat Description Impact Human int
Page 266 and 267:
264
Page 268 and 269:
337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271:
1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273:
No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
Page 274 and 275:
272
Page 276 and 277:
A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279:
Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281:
Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
Page 282 and 283:
280
Page 284 and 285:
The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287:
A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289:
The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291:
species [44] [45] and if animals be
Page 292 and 293:
One of the challenges around increa
Page 294 and 295:
Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297:
Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299:
key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301:
Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303:
Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305:
References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307:
113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309:
Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
Page 310:
Acknowledgements This study on wild
show all

130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?