130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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educing the population in the country by over 95% [30] . As a result, Ruddy duck observations have decreased substantially in Spain [30] . A reintroduction project conducted during the 1980s in Hungary was not successful in establishing a breeding population due to poor choice of release site (not past breeding site for the species, exposed to human disturbance, potentially poor quality habitat) and poor preparation, which did not include identification and rectification of the factors that caused extinction in the first place [31] . A reintroduction on Corsica in 2001 also failed to produce a self-sustaining population [32] . Reintroduction projects are being planned in Italy and in Spain [10] , but proposals are postponed until complete eradication of Ruddy ducks has been achieved [10, 33] . 178
References 1. Green, A. & Hughes, B. 1996. Action Plan for the White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) in Europe. Slimbridge: Wildlfowl and Wetlands Trust. 2. Hughes, B. & Green, A.J. 2005. White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala. In J. Kear (ed.). Ducks, Geese and Swans: 364–369. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3. Scott, D.A. & Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International Publication No. 41. Wageningen: Wetlands International. 4. Green, A.J. & Hughes, B. 2001. Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck. BWP Update 3: 79–90. 5. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 6. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 7. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 8. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 9. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 10. Hughes, B., Robinson, J.A., Green, A.J., Li, Z.W.D. & Mundkur, T. 2006. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala. CMS Technical Series No. 13 & AEWA Technical Series No.8. Bonn: Convention on Migratory Species. 11. BirdLife International. 2013. Species factsheet: Oxyura leucocephala. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ speciesfactsheet.php?id=359 [accessed on 20 August 2013]. 12. Anstey, S. 1989. The Status and Conservation of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala – a report on a joint study carried out by the International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau and the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. IWRB Special Publication No. 10. Slimbridge: International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. 13. Torres-Esquivias, J.A. 2008. La malvasía cabeciblanca. In G. Ballesteros, M. Cabrera, J.L. Echevarría, J.A. Lorenzo, C. Raya, J.A. Torres-Esquivias & C. Viedma (eds). Tarro Canelo, Cerceta Pardilla, Porrón Pardo, Malvasía Cabeciblanca y Focha Moruna en España – Población en 2007 y Método de Censo: 54–70. Madrid: SEO/BIrdLife. 14. Torres-Esquivias, J.A. 2013. Informe Annual Relativo a la Población Española de Malvasía Cabeciblanca (Oxyura leucocephala) Año 2012. Córdoba: Delegación Provincial de Córdoba de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucía). 15. Torres-Esquivias, J.A. 2003. Las Malvasías Cordobesas – Veinticinco Años Después. Córdoba: Diputación de Córdoba. 16. Muñoz-Fuentes, V., Green, A.J., Sorenson, M.D., Negro, J.J. & Vilà, C. 2006. The Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis in Europe: natural colonization or human introduction? Molecular Ecology 15: 1441–1453. 17. Hughes, B., Henderson, I. & Robertson, P. 2006. Conservation of the globally threatened white-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala, in the face of hybridization with the North American ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis: results of a control trial. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52 (Supplement): 576–578. 18. Cranswick, P.A. & Hall, C. 2010. Eradication of the ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis in the Western Palaearctic: a review of progress and a revised Action Plan 2010–2015. . WWT report to the Bern Convention. Available from: https://wcd. coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=1757614&SecMode=1&DocId=1642848&Usage=2 [accessed 25 August 2013]. 19. Green, A. 2013. in litt. 20. Almaraz, P. & Amat, J.A. 2004. Multi-annual spatial and numeric dynamics of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala in southern Europe: seasonality, density dependence and climatic variability. Journal of Animal Ecology 73: 1013–1023. 21. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A Climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds. Durham, Sandy and Barcelona: Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions. 22. Green, A.J. & Anstey, S. 1992. The status of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala. Bird Conservation International 2: 185–200. 23. Green, A.J., Fox, A.D., Hilton, G.M., Hughes, B. & Salathe, T. 1996. Threats to Burdur Lake ecosystem, Turkey and its waterbirds, particularly the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala. Biological Conservation 76: 241–252. 24. Torres, J.A., Arenas, R. & Ayala, J.M. 1986. Evolución histórica de la población Española de Malvasía (Oxyura leucocephala). Oxyura 3: 5–19. 25. Iankov, P., Petkov, N., Dimitrov, M. & Krustanov, B. 2002. White-headed Duck in Bulgaria 2001/2002. In Proceedings of the International Meeting on Balkan cooperation for birds and wetlands. 9–10 March 2002. Thessaloniki, Greece. 26. Handrinos, G.I. 1995. White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala in Greece. TWSG News 7: 6–7. 27. Mateo, R., Green, A.J., Jeske, C.W., Urios, V. & Gerique, C. 2001. Lead poisoning in the globally threatened Marbled Teal and White-headed Duck in Spain. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 2860–2868. 28. Nagy, S. & Crockford, N. 2004. Implementation in the European Union of species action plans for 23 of Europe’s most threatened birds. Wageningen. The Netherlands: BirdLife International. 29. BirdLife International. 2004. Hunting ban reversed decline of White-headed Duck in Spain. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the World’s Birds website. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/ casestudy/239 [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 30. Muñoz-Fuentes, V., Green, A.J. & Negro, J.J. 2013. Genetic studies facilitated management decisions on the invasion of the ruddy duck in Europe. Biological Invasions 15: 723–728. 31. Bajomi, B. 2008. Re-introduction of the white-headed duck to Kiskunság, Hungary. In P.S. Soorae (ed.). Global Re-introduction Perspectives – Re-introduction Case-studies from Around the Globe: 135–137. Abu Dhabi: IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. 32. Lee, R. & Hughes, B. 2008. Review of Waterbird Re-establishment in the AEWA Region. Slimbridge: Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. 33. Perennou, C. & Cantera, J.-P. 1993. Etude de faisabilité sur la réintroduction de l’Erismature à tête blanche sur l’étang de Biguglia, Haute Corse. AGENC and Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat. Peer reviewers • Andy Green • Baz Hughes 179
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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