130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Table 3. Conservation actions in place for Barnacle goose [19] . Action Site/area protection Livelihood, economic and other incentives Monitoring and planning Legislation Drivers of recovery The dramatic increases in the numbers of Barnacle geese in all three populations since the 1950s are considered to be the result of increased habitat protection and reduced hunting pressure across the species’ distribution [2, 13, 14, 16] . The recovery and expansion of the Russian Barnacle goose population since the late 1950s is at least partly attributable to protection from shooting [14] . Russian/Baltic Barnacle geese also Description There are 371 IBAs identified for the Barnacle goose in Europe, of which 68% are designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 6% are not protected. Protected areas at major breeding sites, feeding and roosting sites. However, site protection and enforcement in Russia is poor. Compensation payments for farmers who suffer damage. Payments for goose-friendly management in NW Scotland and the Solway. Flyway Management Plan has been drafted for the Svalbard population. Regular monitoring is in place for all populations, but Greenland population is not as well studied [16] . Protected by law in most countries, but seasonal or licensed hunting is allowed in some. Goose Management Scheme in NW Scotland and the Solway Firth. Management Scheme also in place in parts of Norway. benefitted from improved conditions in the wintering areas, where agricultural intensification has made good quality food available, particularly in the Netherlands [14] . Reduced exploitation and disturbance by people in the breeding grounds in Russia, as a result of depopulation in the region, has also been suggested as a possible factor [14] . Also the establishment of breeding Barnacle geese in the Baltic and the North Sea was in part thanks to the high food availability in agricultural areas in these regions, which provide good quality habitat for brood rearing [17] . Protection of feeding areas on the wintering grounds enabled the increase in Svalbard Barnacle geese after the 1950s, while enforcement of the shooting ban also became more effective during that time [13] . The Svalbard Barnacle goose population is one of the best studied populations of migratory geese in the world [13] and also has one of the most comprehensive network of key protected areas of any goose, swan or duck species [2] . There is a need for further research on the more poorly studied Greenland population [16] . There is a need for international cooperation to develop a sustainable conservation policy for the species at the flyway level, to ensure the continued effectiveness of management efforts. 168
References 1. Boyd, H. 1961. The number of Barnacle Geese in Europe in 1959–60. Wildfowl Trust Annual Report 12: 116–124. 2. Scott, D.A. & Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International Publication No. 41. Wageningen: Wetlands International. 3. Owen, M. & Black, J. 2005. Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis. In J. Kear (ed.). Ducks, Geese and Swans: 329–334. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. van der Jeugd, H.P., Goose Specialist Group (Wetlands International) & IUCN–Species Survival Commission. 2009. 5. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 6. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 7. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 8. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 9. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 10. Fox, A.D., Ebbinge, B.S., Mitchell, C., Heinicke, T., Aarvak, T., Colhoun, K., Clausen, P., Dereliev, S., Faragó, S., Koffijberg, K., Kruckenberg, H., Loonen, M.J.J.E., Madsen, J., Mooij, J., Musil, P., Nilsson, L., Pihl, S. & van der Jeugd, H.P. 2010. Current estimates of goose population sizes in western Europe, a gap analysis and an assessment of trends. Ornis Svecica 20: 115–127. 11. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) data. 12. Berry, J. 1939. The status and distribution of wild geese and wild duck in Scotland. International Wildfowl Inquiry Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13. Owen, M. & Black, J.M. 1999. Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis: Svalbard. In J. Madsen, G. Cracknell & T. Fox (eds). Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic – A Review of Status and Distribution: 258–268. Rönde: National Environmental Research Institute. 14. Ganter, B., Larsson, K., Syroechkovsky, E.V., Litvin, K.E., Leito, A. & Madsen, J. 1999. Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis: Russia/ Baltic. In J. Madsen, G. Cracknell & T. Fox (eds). Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic – A Review of Status and Distribution: 270–283. Rönde: National Environmental Research Institute. 15. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 16. Ogilvie, M.A., Boertmann, D., Cabot, D., Merne, O., Percival, S.M. & Sigfusson, A. 1999. Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis: Greenland. In J. Madsen, G. Cracknell & T. Fox (eds). Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic – A Review of Status and Distribution: 246–256. Rönde: National Environmental Research Institute. 17. Feige, N., van der Jeugd, H.P., Van der Graaf, A.J., Larsson, K., Leito, A. & Stahl, J. 2008. Newly established breeding sites of the Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis in North-western Europe – an overview of breeding habitats and colony development. Vogelwelt 129: 244–252. 18. van der Jeugd, H.P., Eichhorn, G., Litvin, K.E., Stahl, J., Larsson, K., van der Graaf, A.J. & Drent, R.H. 2009. Keeping up with early springs: rapid range expansion in an avian herbivore incurs a mismatch between reproductive timing and food supply. Global Change Biology 15: 1057–1071. 19. Madsen, J. 1991. Status and trends of goose populations in the Western Palearctic in the 1980s. Ardea 79: 113–122. 20. Griffin, L. 2013. in litt. 21. Dement’ev, G.P. & Gladkov, N.A. 1952. Birds of the Societ Union. Vol. 4. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. 22. Griffin, L., Rees, E. & Hughes, B. 2011. Migration routes of Whooper Swans and geese in relation to wind farm footprints: Final report. Slimbridge: WWT. 23. Owen, M., Delany, S., Merne, O.J., Mitchell, C.R., Mudge, G.P. & Ogilvie, M.A. 1995. Conservation of the population of Greenland breeding Barnacle Geese in relation to changes in legislation and farming practice. Unpublished WWT report to Scotting Natural Heritage. 24. Owen, M. & Norderhaug, M. 1977. Population dynamics of Barnacle Geese at Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve. Wildfowl 22: 114–119. 25. Bijlsma, R.G., Hustings, F. & Canmphuijsen C.J. 2001. Common and scarce birds of the Netherlands (Avifauna of the Netherlands 2). GMB Uitgeverij/KNNV, Haarlem/Utrecht. 26. van der Jeugd, H.P. 2013. in litt. Peer reviewers • Henk van der Jeugd • Larry Griffin 169
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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