130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Country No. of breeding pairs No. of colonies Year Population trend % East Atlantic flyway Belgium 18 1 2009 [18] + Denmark 57 4 2008 + 1 France 562–618 7 2012 [19] + 11 Germany 220 9 2007 + 4 Netherlands 2,542 39 2012 [20] + 49 Portugal 92–99 10 2002 + 2 Spain 1,631 12 2007 + 32 United Kingdom 8 1 2011 [21] + Continental flyway Albania 0 0 2005 Austria 38 1 2006 Stable 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 2000 Bulgaria 55–150 7 2007 Stable 2 Croatia 120–280 3 2013 [22] Stable 5 Czech Republic 3 1 2007 + Greece 221 4 2009 [23] Fluctuating 6 Hungary 1,200–1,400 16 2011 [24] + 33 Italy 105–110 3–5 2007 + 3 Moldova 10–20 1 2012 [25] - Montenegro 30 1 2013 [26] + 1 Romania 1,400–1,600 17 2006 + 38 Serbia 195–280 5 2008 + 6 Slovakia 0–35 1 2012 [27] Fluctuating Ukraine 200–250 14 2009 [28] ? 6 increased by 19.4% per year during 1990–2006 [10] (Figure 2) and according to the most recent estimates numbers around 5,000 breeding pairs (Table 2). Nearly half of the population is found in the Netherlands, while Spain holds more than 30% and France more than 10% of the total flyway population (Table 2). The Atlantic flyway population more than doubled between 1991 and 2012 (Figure 2). The key population in the Netherlands, which has been regularly monitored [14] , began increasing in the 1980s and by 2012 there were more than seven times as many breeding pairs as there were in 1962 (Figure 2). Distribution: current status and changes Eurasian spoonbills of the Atlantic population used to breed across a much wider range in the 19 th century [3, 14] , but the species’ distribution declined Table 2. Latest population estimates of Eurasian spoonbill breeding populations in Europe, indicating those countries holding more than 1% of the total population for each flyway. Unless otherwise stated, data from International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Spoonbill [3] . 188
dramatically by the 1950s, when breeding spoonbills were found only in the Netherlands and southern Spain (Figure 3). These two regions continue to dominate the Atlantic population today [3] , but it is evident that substantial recovery has taken place since. Recolonisation has taken place on the west coast of France in the early 1980s, in Germany and Denmark from the mid-1990s, and in Belgium from 2000 [3, 14, 29] (Figure 3). In the UK the first breeding colony of spoonbills in more than three centuries became established in 2010 [21] . The continental population is also recovering from historical declines [3] . The colonies in the Po Delta in Italy, for example, became established around 1990 [13] . No. of breeding pairs 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 Major threats Loss of wetland habitat through water management was the main cause of the severe declines that Eurasian spoonbills suffered historically [3, 14, 16] . Wetlands were drained for agricultural purposes or development, converted to fish farms, or became overgrown as a result of abandonment of grazing [3] . Poaching and collisions with overhead electricity cables are the main non-natural causes of death during migration [3] . Illegal hunting is a particular problem for continental Eurasian spoonbills, especially in staging areas between wintering and breeding sites [3] . Drivers of recovery All major breeding sites for Eurasian spoonbills in the Atlantic and most in the continental distributions have been given protected status [3] . Protection and management of wetland habitats is the major driver behind the recovery of the Atlantic Eurasian spoonbills [14] . Figure 2. Number of Eurasian spoonbill breeding pairs in the Atlantic flyway population since 1991 and in the Dutch population since 1962 [16, 17] . Figure 3. Current distribution of Eurasian spoonbill colonies in Europe, showing the area of breeding distribution of the Atlantic flyway population in the 1800s and 1950s [14] . Current Atlantic flyway and Continental flyway are also shown. 189
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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