130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Threat Description Impact Hunting and Hunting, trapping and egg collection. High trapping Unintentional effects of hunting and trapping Natural systems modification Transport and service corridors Renewable energy Table 2. Major threats that drove Whooper swan decline and may still constrain the population [1, 4, 47] . Table 3. Conservation actions in place for Whooper swan [1, 4, 7, 52, 53] . Action Legislation Site/area protection Secondary poisoning from ingestion of lead pellets. Drainage of wetland habitats. Collision with overhead power cables. Planned wind power plant developments are likely to be an important cause of habitat loss for Icelandic Whooper swans. Medium Historically high Medium Potentially high the 1840s [25] , but the species’ distribution in the country contracted 1,100km northwards [16] . Since the 1950s, Whooper swans have been extending their distribution southwards in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, and have recently become established as a breeding bird in the Baltic States, Poland, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Hungary, Belarus and Ukraine [5, 6, 26–44] (Figure 2), while first breeding in France was recorded in 2012 [45] and a small number breed in the UK [46] . In contrast, the winter distribution has not changed appreciably [8] , although there are some indications of a southward shift in Britain and Ireland [7] . Description Legally protected across its range and listed in various international treaties (see ‘Legal protection and conservation status’). There are 737 identified IBAs for Whooper swan in Europe, of which 61% are designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 9% are not protected. Most key wintering areas and many key breeding areas of the northwest European population are protected, but few foraging areas lie in protected areas. Few key sites for the Icelandic population are protected. Major threats Unsustainable hunting, trapping and egg collection were the main driver of the decline in Whooper swans in Europe during the 19 th and early 20 th centuries [48, 49] . Persecution drove the northwest European population northwards into poor quality habitat and unsuitable arctic climate, which resulted in declines in reproductive performance [4, 50] . Habitat loss through the drainage of wetlands is also likely to have had an adverse effect on Whooper swan population size [1, 6] . As the species switched to foraging in agricultural habitats, a conflict with agriculture has developed due to the damage caused to crops and pasture, which is the main ongoing threat to the species [7] . Other threats include lead poisoning from the ingestion of lead shot, collision with powerlines, and the risk posed by development of wind power plants in the UK [1, 51] . Drivers of recovery The most important driver of the recovery of the species following the declines suffered prior to the 1950s is the protection of the species from hunting [1, 7] . Improvements in food availability during the winter, through the expansion and intensification of agriculture contributed to increase and range expansion of Whooper swans in northwest Europe [54] . Breeding in the Baltics also means that Whooper swans overwinter closer to their breeding grounds, resulting in a shorter migration [55] , while milder winters have also been very beneficial to Whooper swan productivity [6] . 172
References 1. Rees, E. 2005. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus. In J. Kear (ed.). Ducks, Geese and Swans: 249–256. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds) 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3. Brazil, M.A. 2003. The Whooper Swan. London: T. & A.D. Poyser. 4. Laubek, B. 2013. in litt. 5. Rees, E.C. 1997. Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan. BWP Update 1: 27–35. 6. Boiko, D. & Kampe-Persson. 2010. Breeding Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus in Latvia, 1973–2009. Wildfowl 60: 168–177. 7. Hall, C., Glanville, J.R., Boland, H., Einarsson, Ó., McElwaine, G., Holt, C.A., Spray, C.J. & Rees, E.C. 2012. Population size and breeding success of Icelandic Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus: results of the 2010 international census. Wildfowl 62: 73–96. 8. Boiko, D. & Kampe-Persson. 2011. Winter distribution of Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus cygnets bred in Latvia, 2004–2008. Wildfowl 61: 74–89. 9. Laubek, B. 1995. Habitat use by Whoper Swans Cygnus cygnus and Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering in Denmark: increasing agricultural conflicts. Wildfowl 46: 8–15. 10. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 11. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 12. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 13. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 14. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 15. Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa – The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 16. Svensson, S., Svensson, M. & Tjernberg, M. 1999. Svensk fågelatlas. Vår Fågelvärld, Supplement No. 31. Stockholm: Swedish Ornithological Society. 17. Ottosson, U., Ottvall, R., Elmberg, J., Green, M., Gustafsson, R., Haas, F., Holmqvist, N., Lindström, Å., Nilsson, L., Svensson, M. & Tjernberg, M. 2012. Fåglana i Sverige – antal och förekomst. Halmstad: SOF. 18. Lammi, E. 1983. Laulujoutsen Cygnus cygnus. In K. Hyytiä, E. Kellomäki & J. Koistinen (eds). Suomen Lintuatlas. Helsinki: SLY:n Lintutieto Oy. 19. BirdLife Finland. 2013. Database of published population estimates of Finland. 20. Laubek, B., Nilsson, L., Wieloch, M., Koffiberg, K., Sudfeldt, C. & Follestad, A. 1999. Distribution, number and habitat choice of the NW European Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus population: results of an international census in January 1995. Vogelwelt 120: 141–154. 21. Beekman, J., Laubek, B., Hall, C. & Reed, J. 2009. Final Announcement: International Bewick’s and Whooper Swean Census 16–17 January 2010. Abcoude: Wetlands International / IUCN Swan Specialist Group. 22. Wetlands International. 2012. Waterbird Population Estimates. Fifth edition. Available from: http://wpe.wetlands.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 23. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. New York: Nelson. 24. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 25. Nilsson, S. 1858. Skandinavisk Fauna. Foglarna. Vol. 2. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag. 26. Bianki, V.V. 1981. Swans and geese in Murmansk Region and Northern Karelia. In G.V.T. Matthews, Y.A. Isakov & L.G. Bogdan (eds). Proceedings of the Symposium on the mapping of Waterfowl distributions, migrations and habitats, Alushta, Crimea, USSR, November 1976: 225–231. Moscow: International Waterfowl Research Bureau. 27. Haapanen, A., Helminen, M. & Suomalainen, H.K. 1973. Population growth and breeding biology of the Whooper Swan, Cygnus c. cygnus, in Finland in 1950–70. Finnish Game Research 33. 28. Paluchowska, K. 2012. Breeding Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) in Poland in 1973–2008. In Proceedings in ARSA (Advanced Research in Scientific Areas), 3–7 December 2012. Section 10. pp. 1551–1553. http://www.arsa-conf.com/. 29. Bauer, H.-G. & Woog, F. 2008. Non-native and naturalised bird species (neozoa) in Germany, part I: occurrence, population size and status. Vogelwarte 46: 157–194. 30. Grell, M.B., Heldbjerg, H., Rasmussen, B., Stabell, M., Tofft, J. & Vikstrøm, T. 2004. Rare and threatened breeding birds in Denmark, 1998–2003. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 98: 45–100. 31. Szinai, P. 2009. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758). In T. Csörgö, Z. Karcza, G. Halmos, G. Magyar, J. Gyurácz, T. Szép, A. Bankovics, A. Schmidt & E. Schmidt (eds). Hungarian Bird Migration Atlas: 111. Budapest: Kossuth Kiadó. 32. van Dijk, A., Hustings, F., Boele, A., Koffijberg, K., Zoetebier, D. & Plate, C. 2010. Rare and colonial breeding birds in The Netherlands in 2006–2007. Limosa 83: 1–20. 33. Axbrink, M. 1999. Sångsvanen ökar, resultat från riksinventeringen 1997. Vår Fågelvärld 58: 10–16. 34. Lehtiniemi, T. 2006. Ne tulivat takaisin. Linnut 41: 8–16. 35. Sikora, A., Rohde, Z., Gromadzki, M., Neubauer, G. & Chylarecki, P. (eds) 2007. Atlas Rozmieszczenia Ptaków Lęgowych Polski 1985–2004. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 36. Kurlavičius, P. (ed.) 2006. Lithuanian Breeding Bird Atlas. Kaunas, Lithuania: Lututė. 37. Abramchuk, A.V., Abramchuk, S.V. & Prokopchuk, V.V. 2003. Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus): a new breeding species for Belarus. Subbuteo 6: 6–9. 38. Csörgö, T., Karcza, Z., Halmos, G., Magyar, G., Gyurácz, J., Szép, T., Bankovics, A., Schmidt, A. & Schmidt, E. (eds) 2009. Hungarian Bird Migration Atlas. Budapest: Kossuth Kiadó. 39. Degen, A. & Heinicke, T. 2007. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus. In T. Heinicke & U. Köppen (eds). Bird migration in East Germany – Waterbirds Part 1: 44–56. Greifswald: Berichte Vogelwarte Hiddensee 18 (SH). 40. Boele, A. 2010. Zeldzame broedvogels 2010: verliezers na witte winter en een mooie variatie aan roofvogels. SOVON-Nieuws 23: 3–5. 41. Hoklova, T.Y. & Artemyev, A.V. 2002. Reassessment of the Southern Limit for Whooper Swans Breeding in Northwest Russia. Waterbirds 25 (Special Publication 1): 67–73. 42. Gaschak, S.P. 2005. About breeding of Whooper Swan in the Chornobyl zone of Ukraine. Berkut 14: 269–270. 43. Laubek, B. 2011. Sangsvane Cygnus cygnus. In A. Eskildsen & T. Vikstrøm (eds). Truede og sjældne ynglefugle i Danmark 2010: 7–8. Copenhagen: Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. 44. Vintchevski, A.E. & Yasevitch, A.M. 2003. The first facts of breeding Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) in Grodno and Minsk regions of Belarus. Subbuteo 6: 10–14. 45. König, C., Stübing, S. & Wahl, J. 2013. Vögel in Deutschland aktuell: Winter 2012/13 – Seidenschwänze, Samtenten und Singschwäne. Der Falke 60: 138–143. 46. RSPB. 2012. Whooper Swan. Available from: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/ birdguide/name/w/whooperswan/index. aspx [accessed on 30 August 2013]. 47. Birdlife International. 2013. Species factsheet: Cygnus cygnus. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=369 [accessed on 20 August 2013]. 48. Brusewitz, G. 1971. Jakt och Jägare. Höganäs: Bokförlaget Bra Böcker. 49. Wallengren, H.D.J. 1849. Foglar i Nordöstra Skåne. Stockholm: Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. 50. Knusden, H.L., Laubek, B. & Ohtonen, A. 2002. Growth and survival of Whooper Swan cygnets reared in different habitats in Finland. Waterbirds 25 (Special Publication 1): 211–220. 51. Griffin, L., Rees, E. & Hughes, B. 2011. Migration routes of Whooper Swans and geese in relation to wind farm footprints: Final report. Slimbridge: WWT. 52. Robinson, J.A., Colhoun, K., McElwaine, G. & Rees, E.C. 2004. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus (Iceland population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series. Slimbridge: The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 53. Scott, D.A. & Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International Publication No. 41. Wageningen: Wetlands International. 54. Nilsson, L. 1997. Changes in numbers and habitat utilisation of wintering Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus in Sweden. Ornis Svecica 7: 133–142. 55. Švažas, S. 2001. Possible impacts of climatic conditions on changes in numbers and in distribution of certain breeding and staging waterfowl species in Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 11: 163–182. Peer reviewer • Bjarke Laubek 173
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
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Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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