130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Figure 1. Estimated number of White-tailed eagle breeding pairs in Europe, in the large population in northern Europe and the smaller south-eastern population, including the Danube and the Balkans since 1970, based on BirdLife International [10, 18] , the Species Actions Plans [2, 6] and other key sources. The population trend since 1950 is also shown (see ‘Methods’). No. of breeding pairs 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1950 1955 1960 Summary The White-tailed eagle declined dramatically across Europe between the 1800s and the 1970s, owing to direct persecution and the adverse effect of environmental pollutants on reproductive success. With the introduction of protection legislation and the ban of harmful chemicals, the species has shown a spectacular recovery. Population size has increased and Whitetailed eagles have recolonised areas from which they became extinct, in some cases with the help of reintroduction programmes, while range expansion in Europe is also apparent. 1,000 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 800 600 400 200 0 Population index (%) Background General description of the species The White-tailed eagle or Sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is a large, long-lived, slow-reproducing raptor [1] . Territorial pairs are sedentary, normally occupying the same breeding territory throughout their life [2] , although birds in some northern populations migrate south in winter [3] . Distribution in Europe The species is widely distributed across the Palearctic, from Greenland and Iceland in the west, to the Pacific coast and Japan in the east [4] . Historically, the White-tailed eagle was present throughout Europe, and its distribution extended across western and southern Europe, reaching as far south as North Africa [5] . White-tailed eagles in Europe can be divided into two sub-populations: northern Europe, which includes Norway and the Baltic Sea riparian states, and southern-eastern Europe, which includes the Danube countries and the Balkans [6] . Habitat preferences White-tailed eagles nest preferably on trees or cliffs, and more rarely on pylons or towers and in some areas rather regularly on the ground. The species is usually closely associated with water and inhabits a range of habitats near lakes, river valleys and coastal waters [2, 7] . White-tailed eagles 222
mainly feed on fish and aquatic birds, and carrion is an important source of food, especially during winter [2] . A sufficient prey base is necessary, as well as suitable nesting trees in forested areas and low levels of human disturbance [2] . Legal protection and conservation status White-tailed eagle is listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Appendix I of CITES, Annex I and II of the Convention on Migratory Species, and Annex II of the Bern Convention [8] . Abundance: current status and changes According to the latest White-tailed eagle population estimates, the European population numbers 8,600 – 10,900 breeding pairs (Table 2). In descending order, Norway, European Russia, Poland, Germany and Sweden hold the largest numbers of breeding White-tailed eagles, together supporting 81% of the total European population. This highlights the importance of Norway, which holds 39% of the Scale Status Justification Global Least Concern (since 2005; was considered Near Threatened in 2004 and Threatened in 1988) Extremely large range, moderately small to large global population size (>10,000 mature individuals) and increasing population trend. Europe Rare (SPEC 1) Small European breeding population EU25 Rare (< 10,000 pairs). European population (Table 2), and the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea (northern European population) [12] , while most of the remaining population in Europe is found in the countries along the river Danube [6] . During the period 1800 – 1970, White-tailed eagle populations across Europe suffered dramatic declines. The species became extinct in a number of countries, including the Czech Republic (1880s [13] ), the United Kingdom (1911 [14] ), Denmark (1912 [15] ), Austria (1950s [16] ), and Slovakia (1964 [17] ). During the last few decades, White-tailed eagles have undergone a large increase (Figure 1) and population trends continue to be positive in nearly all countries in Europe (Table 2). Table 1. Global IUCN Red List status [9] , European population and SPEC status [10] and EU population status [11] of White-tailed eagle. 223
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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