130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsis Summary There are three discrete Barnacle goose flyway populations, all of which have increased dramatically in size since the 1950s, following historic declines due to hunting. The recovery of the species was thanks to a considerable reduction in hunting pressure and improvements in site protection. The increasing population is increasingly causing conflict with agriculture, as geese grazing on managed grasslands and crops can cause damage. To mitigate this conflict, many countries compensate farmers for damage incurred, or use voluntary subsidy schemes to encourage goose-friendly farming. International flyway management plans are necessary to ensure the continued effectiveness of management efforts. Background General description of the species The Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) is a migratory goose species native to northern and northwestern Europe. It is a medium sized goose with a characteristic white face, black head, neck and upper breast, and white belly. Distribution in Europe There are three or four discrete population of Barnacle goose: one breeding in east Greenland, staging in Iceland, and wintering mainly on islands in northwest Scotland and along the northwestern coast of Ireland (Greenland population); one breeding in Svalbard, staging on the archipelagos of Helgeland and Vesterålen in western Norway, and wintering in the Solway Firth in southwest Scotland (Svalbard population); and one breeding in northern Russia, the Baltic coast and the North Sea coast, staging in Germany, Sweden and Estonia, and wintering in northwest Europe, mainly in Germany and the Netherlands (Russian/Baltic/ North Sea population) [1–3] . Habitat preferences and general densities The main habitats used during the breeding season are polar tundra, wet moss-meadows and mudflats [3] . Barnacle geese nest colonially on steep cliffs or on islands [3] , and in newly colonised areas in Russia and the Netherlands they also breed on mainland meadows [4] . On the wintering grounds, Barnacle geese forage on agricultural grassland and arable land, though traditionally unmanaged, coastal meadows and saltmarsh pastures were used [3] . Legal protection and conservation status The Barnacle goose is listed in Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory 164
Species [5] , under which the three flyway populations of the species are covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). In the AEWA Action Plan, the East Greenland/Scotland and Ireland population is listed in Column B (category 1), the Svalbard/Southwest Scotland population is listed in Column A (category 3a) and the Russia/ Germany and the Netherlands population is listed in Column C (category 1) [6] . Abundance: current status and changes All populations of Barnacle goose have had positive trends and numbers increased greatly since regular monitoring began in the 1950s (Figure 1) [10] . The Greenland Barnacle goose population increased from around 8,300 individuals in 1960 to 80,670 in 2013 [11] . Wintering Barnacle geese of the Svalbard population were considered to be common in the Solway Firth in the early 20th century, but substantial declines had occurred by the 1930s [12, 13] . Numbers have been increasing since the 1960s [13] , from 1,650 individuals in 1960 to 31,000 in 2013 [11] (Figure1). Russian Barnacle geese were considered numerous in the 19th century, but the population declined to 10,000 individuals by the early 1950s [14] . Numbers recovered to 20,000 in 1959–1960 and since then the population has increased exponentially [14] and the latest population estimate (2009) is around 908,000 individuals [4] (Figure 1). Scale Status Justification Global Least Concern Very large range and population size with an (since 1988) increasing population trend. Europe EU25 There were no breeding Barnacle geese in Svalbard in the latter part of the 19th century and it is possible that the Svalbard population was created from a small number of founding birds from the Greenland population [13] . Svalbard Barnacle geese winter exclusively on the Solway Firth on the southwest coast of Scotland [3] . The number and size of breeding colonies in Svalbard increased greatly up to the 1960s [13] . The main sites are the Dunøyane, the Forlandsøyane and the Nordenskiøldkysten along the west/southwest coast. During migration, Svalbard Barnacle geese stage on archipelagos off the coast of Norway, where they forage on fertilised grasslands, and on the island of Bjørnøya, between Norway and Svalbard [13] . Russian Barnacle goose breeding areas have expanded considerably since the early 1970s, when the breeding grounds in the Baltic region (Finland, Sweden) became established [14] . Prior to this, the only known breeding areas of the population were on Novaya Zemlya and Vaygach [14] . The breeding distribution then greatly expanded to the Barents 100,000 Secure (Non- SPECE) Secure Population size increased during 1970–1990 and 1990–2000 and the wintering range has expanded. Table 1. Global IUCN Red List status [7] , European population and SPEC status [8] and EU population status [9] of Barnacle goose. Figure 1. Size of the Barnacle Goose populations breeding in Greenland [11] , Svalbard [11] , and Russia and the Baltic [4] , since the late 1940s/1950s. Distribution: current status and changes Greenland Barnacle geese breed along the east coast of Greenland. During the spring migration, they stage in northern Iceland and on their return in autumn they stage in the southeast of the island. Small numbers have bred in southern Iceland since the late 1980s [16] . The most important wintering area of the Greenland population is the island of Islay in west Scotland, where about two thirds of the population overwinter [16] . The wintering distribution extended north and east to Orkney in the early 1970s [16] . The foraging areas of Barnacle geese in northwest Scotland have shifted from under-grazed islands to islands with intensified agriculture [16] . In Ireland, wintering sites off the Dublin coast (Lambay Island and the Skerries Island) have been deserted in the last 10 years, the Blasket Islands became abandoned from the 1980s, and two further sites on the east coast (Wexford Slobs and Lurgangreen, Louth) have not been used since the 1950s [16] . No. of individuals No. of individuals 75,000 50,000 25,000 0 1,000,000 750,000 500,000 250,000 0 1947 1947 1953 1953 1959 1959 1965 1965 1971 1971 1977 1977 1983 1983 1989 1989 1995 1995 2001 2001 2007 2007 2013 2013 165
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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