130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Action Description Impact Planning and monitoring International Species Action Plan in place and national plans exist in some countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, and Serbia). Medium Site/area protection Site/area management Habitat and natural process restoration Systematic monitoring carried out in a number of countries. There are 134 IBAs identified for Saker falcon, of which 53% are fully designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 13% are not protected. Power line mitigation. Nest protection. Prey population management (Suslik translocation). Medium Medium High Historically high Medium Species recovery Provision of artificial nests. High Ex-situ conservation Education and awareness Captive breeding. Awareness raising campaigns towards gamekeepers. Low High Legislation Protected by law in all countries. Medium Table 4. Conservation actions in place for Saker falcon [9] . Habitat loss remains an important problem today [3, 9] and nest robbing, which is no longer a significant problem in most of central Europe, may still be a considerable threat in Ukraine and eastern Europe [40] . New threats have also come about, including electrocution [3, 30] . It is likely that nest site availability limits Saker falcon populations [41] , as a result of removal of trees in agricultural areas [3, 9] . Illegal poisoning is another critical threat, as it appears that use of poison bait is increasing in the Carpathian Basin [3, 4] . Drivers of recovery Conservation measures mostly include nest protection, provision of artificial nests, insulating power lines, habitat management (e.g. through agri-environment schemes), population management of key prey species, and education campaigns [27, 30, 33, 38, 42] . The Saker falcon has shown evidence of recovery in the Carpathian Basin, as a direct result of active conservation effort [27, 30, 33, 42] . With effective protection of the species and appropriate management of its habitats, there is scope for further recovery and recolonisation in other parts of Europe [43] . 208
References 1. ARKive. 2008. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Available from: http://www.arkive.org/ saker-falcon/falco-cherrug [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 2. Cramp, S. (ed.) 1980. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol 2. Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3. Bagyura, J., Fidlóczky, J. & Prommer, M. 2010. Conservation of the Saker Falcon in the Carpathian Basin. Budapest: MME/BirdLife Hungary. 4. BirdLife International. 2013. Species factsheet: Falco cherrug. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3619 [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 5. Baumgart, W. 1991. Der Sakerfalke. Lutherstadt: A. Ziemsen Verlag. 6. Snow, D.W. & Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7. Prommer, M., Bagyura, J., Chavko, J. & Uhrin, M. 2012. Migratory movements of the Central and Eastern European Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) from juvenile dispersal to adulthood. Aquila 119: 111–134. 8. Prommer, M. 2013. in litt. 9. Nagy, S. & Demeter, I. 2006. Saker Falcon: European Action Plan. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 10. Galushin, V.M. 2004. Status of the Saker in Russia and Eastern Europe. Falco 24: 3–8. 11. MME/BirdLife Hungary. Undated. Species Description. LIFE06 NAT/H/000096 Conservation of the Falco cherrug in the Carpathian Basin. Available from: http://sakerlife. mme.hu/en/content/show?dattype=kerecsen [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 12. Southeastern European Saker Falcon Network. 2010. Saker Falcon. Available from: http://www.cherrug.org/sakerfalcon. htm [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 13. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 14. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 15. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 16. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 17. Gamauf, A. 2012. A preliminary overview of raptor monitoring in Austria. Acrocephalus 33: 159−166. 18. Spasov, S. 2013. in litt. 19. Ragyov, D. 2010. Southeast European Saker Falcon network – scope and findings. In Conservation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Europe – Sharing the Results of the LIFE06 NAT/H/000096 “Conservation of the Falco cherrug in the Carpathian Basin” Project. 16–18 September 2010. pp. 32–33. Eger, Hungary: Bükk National Park Directorate. 20. Landsfeld, B. 2013. Odhad počtu párů dravců a vybraných druhů sov v ČR. Zpravodaj SOVDS 13: 3. 21. Saker LIFE. 2012. Breeding Results of Saker Falcons in Hungary in 2012. Available from: http://sakerlife2.mme.hu/en/content/ results [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 22. Velevski, M. 2013. in litt. 23. Sikora, A., Rohde, Z., Gromadzki, M., Neubauer, G. & Chylarecki, P. (eds) 2007. Atlas Rozmieszczenia Ptaków Lęgowych Polski 1985–2004. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 24. Puzović, S. & Ružić, M. 2013. in litt. 25. Chavko, J. & Deutschova, L. 2013. in litt. 26. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 27. Bagyura, J., Szitta, T., Haraszthy, L., Viszló , L., Fidlóczky, J. & Prommer, M. 2012. Results of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) conservation programme in Hungary between 1980–2010. Aquila 119: 105–110. 28. Bondarenko, Y. 2013. in litt. 29. Iankov, P. & Gradinarov, D. 2012. Conservation strategy of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Bulgaria. Aquila 2012: 31–45. 30. Bagyura, J., Szitta, T., Haraszthy, L., Demeter, I., Sándor, I., Dudás, M., Kállay, G. & Viszló , L. 2004. Population trend of the Saker Falcon Falco cherrug in Hungary between 1980 and 2002. In R.D. Chancellor & B.-U. Meyburg (eds). Raptors Worldwide: 663–672. Budapest: WWGBP/MME. 31. Milobog, Y.V. 2012. Falconiformes of the steppe zone of Ukraine: species composition, territorial distribution, number dynamics and conservation. PhD Dissertation, Shmal’gauzen Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences. 32. Milobog, Y.V., Vetrov, V.V., Strigunov, V.I. & Belik, V.P. 2010. The Saker (Falco cherrug Gray) in Ukraine and adjacent areas. Branta: Transactions of the Azov-Black Sea Ornithological Station 13: 135–159. 33. Chavko, J. 2010. Trend and conservation of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) population in western Slovakia between 1976 and 2010. Slovak Raptor Journal 4: 1–22. 34. Puzović, S., Tucakov, M. & Stojnić, N. 2010. Current status and conservation of Saker Falcon Falco cherrug in Serbia. Conservation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Europe – Sharing the Results of the LIFE06 NAT/H/000096 “Conservation of the Falco cherrug in the Carpathian Basin” Project. 16–18 September 2010: 23. Eger, Hungary: Bükk National Park Directorate. 35. CORO-SKAT. 2012. Rekordjahr für den Sakerfalken: 37 Jungvögel in Österreich – Höchstes Brutergebnis seit Mitte der 70er Jahre. Available at: http://www.birdlife.at/ coro-skat/presse/rekordjahr-fuer-den-sakerfalken.html [accessed on 20 July 2013]. 36. Milobog, Y. & Vetrov, V. 2010. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Ukraine and adjacent areas. In Conservation of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Europe – Sharing the Results of the LIFE06 NAT/H/000096 “Conservation of the Falco cherrug in the Carpathian Basin” Project. 16–18 September 2010. Eger, Hungary: Bükk National Park Directorate. 37. Ragyov, D. & Shishkova, V. 2006. Saker Falcon in Bulgaria: past present and future. Falco 27: 4–8. 38. Ragyov, D., Kmetova, E., Dixon, A., Franz, k., Koshev, Y. & Nedialkov, N. 2009. Saker Falcon Falco cherrug Reintroduction in Bulgaria – Feasibility Study. Sofia: Southeast Europe Saker Falcon Network. 39. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 40. Prommer, M., Milobog, Y., Gavrilyuk, M. & Vetrov, V. 2012. Conservation Plan for Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Ukraine – Draft Version. 41. Dixon, A. 2007. Saker Falcon breeding population estimates. Part 1: Europe. Falco 29: 4–12. 42. Bagyura, J., Haraszthy, L. & Szitta, T. 1994. Methods and results of Saker Falcon Falco cherrug management and conservation in Hungary. In B.-U. Meyburg & R.D. Chancellor (eds). Raptor Conservation Today: 391–395. Budapest: WWGBP & Pica Press. 43. MME/BirdLife Hungary. Undated. LIFE. LIFE06 NAT/H/000096 Conservation of Falco cherrug in NE Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. Available from: http://sakerlife2.mme.hu/en/content/ project-description [accessed on 20 July]. Peer reviewers • Jozef Chavko • Lucia Deutschova • Mátyás Prommer 209
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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