18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/<strong>in</strong>itiatives/<strong>europe</strong>/<strong>europe</strong>an-red-list-site. 19. Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. 1996. Wild cats. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN. Gland, Swizerland. 20. Cabral, M.J., Almeida, J., Almeida, P.R., et al. 2005. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal, Lisboa: Instituto da Conservação da Natureza. 21. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1:Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/. 22. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. The Iberian lynx population of Andalusia <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> late 2010 reach<strong>in</strong>g 279 <strong>in</strong>dividuals. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/visorNoticias. aspx?6964%3d3732. 23. Ferreras, P. 2001. Landscape structure and asymmetrical <strong>in</strong>terpatch connectivity <strong>in</strong> a metapopulation of the endangered Iberian lynx. . Biological Conservation, 100 125–136. 24. Beltrán, J.F. & Delibes, M. 1993. Physical characteristics of Iberian lynxes (Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>us) from Doñana, southwestern Spa<strong>in</strong>. Journal of Mammalogy, 74 (4): 852–862. 25. Palomares, F., Godoy, J.A., López-Bao, J.V., et al. 2012. Possible ext<strong>in</strong>ction vortex for a population of Iberian lynx on the verge of extirpation Conservation Biology, 26 (4): 689–697. 26. Ferreras, P., Delibes, M., Palomares, F., et al. 2004. Proximate and ultimate causes of dispersal <strong>in</strong> the Iberian lynx Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>us. Behavioral Ecology, 15: 31–40. 27. SOS Lynx 2008. On-go<strong>in</strong>g campaign: susta<strong>in</strong>able development for Doñana. 28. Ferreras, P., Aldama, J., Beltrán, J.F., et al. 1992. Rates and causes of mortality <strong>in</strong> a fragemented population of Iberian lynx Felis pard<strong>in</strong>a Temm<strong>in</strong>ck, 1824. Biological Conservation, 61: 197–202. 29. Fernández, N., Delibes, M. & Palomares, F. 2006. Landscape evaluation <strong>in</strong> conservation: molecular sampl<strong>in</strong>g and habitat model<strong>in</strong>g for the Iberian lynx. Ecological Applications, 16: 1037–1049. 30. Life Programme 2008. Gato Clavo Newsletter February 2008. 31. Life Programme 2008. Gato Clavo Newsletter September 2008. 32. Rodríguez, A. & Delibes, M. 1990. El l<strong>in</strong>ce ibérico (Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>a) en España. Distribución y problemas de conservación. Colección Técnica. Instituto de Conservación de la Naturaleza. Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 33. Cabrera, A. 1914. Lynx pardellus Miller, <strong>in</strong> Fauna iberica. Mamiferos, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC: Madrid. 207–210. 34. Guzmán, J.N., García, F.J., Garrote, G., et al. 2004. El L<strong>in</strong>ce ibérico (Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>us) en España y Portugal: Censo–diagnóstico de sus poblaciones. DGCN , M<strong>in</strong>isterio de Medio Ambiente. Madrid. 35. Calzada, J., González, L.M., Guzmán, J.N., et al. 2009. A new strategy for the conser vation of the Iberian lynx, <strong>in</strong> Iberian Lynx Ex situ Conservation: An Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Approach, A. Vargas, C. Breitenmoser, and U. Breitenmoser, Editors., Fundación Biodiversidad: Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 36. Temple, H.J. & Terry, A. 2007. The Status and Distribution of European Mammals. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Luxembourg. 37. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group Iberian Lynx Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>us (Temmick, 1827). Available from: http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/ cat-website/20_cat-website/home/<strong>in</strong>dex_ en.htm. 38. Enser<strong>in</strong>k, M. & Vogel, G. 2006. The Carnivore Comeback. Science, 314 746–749. 39. Rodríguez, A. & Delibes, M. 2004. Patterns and causes of non-natural mortality <strong>in</strong> the Iberian lynx dur<strong>in</strong>g a 40-year period of range contraction. Biological Conservation, 118: 151–161. 40. Clavero, M. & Delibes, M. 2013. Us<strong>in</strong>g historical accounts to set conservation basel<strong>in</strong>es: the case of Lynx species <strong>in</strong> Spa<strong>in</strong>. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22: 1691–1702. 41. Palomares, F. 2009. Life history and ecology of the Iberian lynx, <strong>in</strong> Iberian Lynx Ex situ Conservation: An Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Approach, A. Vargas, C. Breitenmoser, and U. Breitenmoser, Editors., Fundación Biodiversidad: Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 42. Revilla, E., Wiegand, T., J., Palomares, F., et al. 2004. Effects of matrix heterogeneity on animal dispersal: from <strong>in</strong>dividual behaviour to metapopulation-level parameters. The American Naturalist, 164 (5): E130-E153. 43. Palomares, F., Rodriguez, A., Laffitte, R., et al. 1991. The status and distribution of the Iberian lynx Felis pard<strong>in</strong>a (Temm<strong>in</strong>ck) <strong>in</strong> Coto Doñana area, SW Spa<strong>in</strong>. Biological Conservation, 57: 159–169. 44. Simón, M.A., Cadenas, R., Gil-Sánchez, J.M., et al. 2009. Conservation of free-rang<strong>in</strong>g Iberian lynx (Lynx pard<strong>in</strong>us) populations <strong>in</strong> Andalusia, <strong>in</strong> Iberian Lynx Ex situ Conservation: An Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Approach, A. Vargas, C. Breitenmoser, and U. Breitenmoser, Editors., Fundación Biodiversidad: Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 45. Palomares, F. 2009. Considerations for plann<strong>in</strong>g Iberian lynx translocations <strong>in</strong> Doñana National Park, <strong>in</strong> Iberian Lynx Ex situ Conservation: An Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Approach, A. Vargas, C. Breitenmoser, and U. Breitenmoser, Editors., Fundación Biodiversidad: Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 46. Godoy, J.A., Casas-Marce, M. & Fernández, J. 2009. Genetic issues <strong>in</strong> the implementation of the Iberian Lynx Ex situ Conservation Programme, <strong>in</strong> Iberian Lynx Ex situ Conservation: An Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Approach, A. Vargas, C. Breitenmoser, and U. Breitenmoser, Editors., Fundación Biodiversidad: Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 47. Life Programme 2009. Gato Clavo Newsletter June 2009. 48. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce Genetic re<strong>in</strong>forcement <strong>in</strong> the Doñana-Aljarafe population. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/pag<strong>in</strong>a. aspx?id=94. 49. Life Programme 2010. Gato Clavo Newsletter November/December 2010. 50. BBC 2005. Hopes raised by Spa<strong>in</strong> lynx births. [cited 2011]. Available from: http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4394005.stm. 51. 2013. Programa de Conservación Ex-situ del L<strong>in</strong>ce Ibérico. Available from: http://www. lynxexsitu.es. 52. Life Programme 2010. Gato Clavo Newsletter July/August 2010. 53. Life Programme 2010. Gato Clavo Newsletter March/April 2010. 54. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. An Iberian lynx passes away <strong>in</strong> Guadalmellato. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/visorNoticias. aspx?6964%3d3931. 55. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. Two juvenile males born <strong>in</strong> 2010 are released <strong>in</strong> Guadalmellato re<strong>in</strong>troduction area. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/visorNoticias. aspx?6964%3d3934. 56. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. Three more Iberian lynxes are released <strong>in</strong> Guadalmellato re<strong>in</strong>troduction area. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce. org/visorNoticias.aspx?6964%3d3935. 57. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. Re<strong>in</strong>troduction – First steps <strong>in</strong> the LIFE-L<strong>in</strong>ce project. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/pag<strong>in</strong>a. aspx?id=93. 58. LIFE Programme 2011. LIFE lynx project breaks important new ground. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ life/news/newsarchive2011/february/ <strong>in</strong>dex.htm. 59. Life Programme 2010. Gato Clavo Newsletter January/February 2011. 60. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. First loss of the re<strong>in</strong>troduction program <strong>in</strong> Guarrizas. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/visorNoticias.aspx?6964%3d313030. 61. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. Una nueva re<strong>in</strong>troducción de l<strong>in</strong>ce en Guarrizas, Jaén. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/visorNoticias. aspx?6964%3d313033. 62. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. Abren dos novedosos pasos superiores para el l<strong>in</strong>ce ibérico en Doñana que m<strong>in</strong>imizan la sensación de peligro del fel<strong>in</strong>o. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce. org/visorNoticias.aspx?6964%3d3939. 63. Life L<strong>in</strong>ce 2011. Un l<strong>in</strong>ce joven estrena en Doñana los ‘ecoductos’. Available from: http://www.lifel<strong>in</strong>ce.org/visorNoticias. aspx?6964%3d313031. 64. SOS Lynx 2010. Lynx Brief. 65. Palomares, F., Rodríguez, A., Revilla, E., et al. 2011. Assessment of the conservation efforts to prevent ext<strong>in</strong>ction of the Iberian lynx. Conservation Biology, 25 (1): 4–8. 66. Rodríguez, A. & Delibes, M. 2003. Population fragmentation and ext<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>in</strong> the Iberian lynx. Biological Conservation, 109: 321–331. Reviewer: • Dr Alejandro Rodríguez 118
119
- Page 1 and 2:
Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
- Page 3 and 4:
Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
- Page 5 and 6:
Table of contents Foreword . . . .
- Page 7:
Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
- Page 10 and 11:
The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
- Page 12 and 13:
96 year old olive farmer with his d
- Page 14 and 15:
12
- Page 16 and 17:
Limitations of population trend dat
- Page 18 and 19:
Constructing historical distributio
- Page 20 and 21:
Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
- Page 22 and 23:
Table 2. Definitions of classificat
- Page 24 and 25:
22
- Page 26 and 27:
3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
- Page 28 and 29:
Table 2. Latest population estimate
- Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
- Page 32 and 33:
Rank Reason for change Description
- Page 34 and 35:
3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
- Page 36 and 37:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
- Page 38 and 39:
% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
- Page 40 and 41:
3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
- Page 42 and 43:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
- Page 44 and 45:
Rank Reason for change Description
- Page 46 and 47:
3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
- Page 48 and 49:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
- Page 50 and 51:
Rank Reason for change Description
- Page 52 and 53:
3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
- Page 54 and 55:
Scale Status Population trend Justi
- Page 56 and 57:
% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
- Page 58 and 59:
Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
- Page 60 and 61:
3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
- Page 62 and 63:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
- Page 64 and 65:
Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
- Page 66 and 67:
References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
- Page 68 and 69:
3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
- Page 70 and 71: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 72 and 73: Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
- Page 74 and 75: Recent developments As discussed ab
- Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
- Page 78 and 79: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 80 and 81: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
- Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
- Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
- Page 86 and 87: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
- Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
- Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
- Page 94 and 95: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
- Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
- Page 100 and 101: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
- Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
- Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
- Page 108 and 109: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
- Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
- Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
- Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
- Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
- Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
- Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
- Page 126 and 127: Rank Reason for change Description
- Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
- Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
- Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
- Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
- Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
- Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
- Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
- Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
- Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
- Page 146 and 147: 144
- Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
- Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
- Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
- Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
- Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
- Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
- Page 160 and 161: 158
- Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
- Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
- Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
- Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
- Page 170 and 171:
Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
- Page 172 and 173:
4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
- Page 174 and 175:
Threat Description Impact Hunting a
- Page 176 and 177:
4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
- Page 178 and 179:
No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
- Page 180 and 181:
educing the population in the count
- Page 182 and 183:
4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
- Page 184 and 185:
Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
- Page 186 and 187:
Action Description Impact Monitorin
- Page 188 and 189:
4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
- Page 190 and 191:
Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
- Page 192 and 193:
Threat Description Impact Residenti
- Page 194 and 195:
4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
- Page 196 and 197:
194
- Page 198 and 199:
Table 3 Major threats that drove th
- Page 200 and 201:
4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
- Page 202 and 203:
Figure 2. Current distribution of L
- Page 204 and 205:
Action Description Impact Livelihoo
- Page 206 and 207:
4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
- Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
- Page 210 and 211:
Action Description Impact Planning
- Page 212 and 213:
4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
- Page 214 and 215:
No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
- Page 216 and 217:
Action Description Impact Legislati
- Page 218 and 219:
4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
- Page 220 and 221:
Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
- Page 222 and 223:
Action Description Impact Monitorin
- Page 224 and 225:
4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
- Page 226 and 227:
Country No. of breeding pairs Year
- Page 228 and 229:
References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
- Page 230 and 231:
4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
- Page 232 and 233:
Figure 2. Current distribution of B
- Page 234 and 235:
4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
- Page 236 and 237:
Figure 2. Current distribution of G
- Page 238 and 239:
Action Description Impact Monitorin
- Page 240 and 241:
4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
- Page 242 and 243:
Figure 2. Current distribution of C
- Page 244 and 245:
4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
- Page 246 and 247:
Threat Description Impact Transport
- Page 248 and 249:
Drivers of recovery The spectacular
- Page 250 and 251:
4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
- Page 252 and 253:
Figure 2. Current distribution of E
- Page 254 and 255:
252
- Page 256 and 257:
4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
- Page 258 and 259:
Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
- Page 260 and 261:
Action Monitoring and planning Site
- Page 262 and 263:
4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
- Page 264 and 265:
Threat Description Impact Human int
- Page 266 and 267:
264
- Page 268 and 269:
337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
- Page 270 and 271:
1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
- Page 272 and 273:
No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
- Page 274 and 275:
272
- Page 276 and 277:
A Range change B Range change C Ran
- Page 278 and 279:
Reason for positive change Species
- Page 280 and 281:
Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
- Page 282 and 283:
280
- Page 284 and 285:
The comeback of large and charismat
- Page 286 and 287:
A safari group in the Velebit mount
- Page 288 and 289:
The view from a bear watching hide
- Page 290 and 291:
species [44] [45] and if animals be
- Page 292 and 293:
One of the challenges around increa
- Page 294 and 295:
Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
- Page 296 and 297:
Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
- Page 298 and 299:
key tool for wildlife population in
- Page 300 and 301:
Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
- Page 302 and 303:
Box 2. The native versus alien spec
- Page 304 and 305:
References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
- Page 306 and 307:
113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
- Page 308 and 309:
Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
- Page 310:
Acknowledgements This study on wild