130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Rank Reason for change Description 1 Legislation Legal protection first started in Sweden in 1969 and was gradually established in Norway between 1973 and 1983 [8, 29] . 2 Species management – Compensation schemes 3 Other – Natural recolonisation Table 3. Major reasons for positive change in the status of the Wolverine in Europe. A compensation scheme paying for reproductions of Wolverines has been instrumental in the increase of and expansion of the species in Sweden [30] . Through population increases initiated by legal protection, the species was able to spread naturally into the forested landscapes in Sweden from which it had been extirpated [28] . to other areas [30] . In addition, direct compensation is in place for depredation events [32] . The situation is, however, very different in Sweden; no hunting is permitted, and although lethal control has been carried out in special cases as a final conflict-mitigating measure, it is believed to be of limited importance at the population level [5] . In reindeer husbandry areas, a conservation performance payment system using a positive reinforcement approach was implemented in 1996 [32] . Under this system, 200,000 Swedish Kronor are paid to reindeer herding districts for each documented Wolverine reproduction irrespective of predation level, both to cover the costs of depredation and disturbance, and to encourage herders to take actions that decrease losses [33] . While this has not prevented illegal killings (poaching is the main source of mortality [5] ), adult females have lower mortality, which leads to a reproduction rate which is twice as high as in similar habitat in Norway [30] . The scheme is believed to have been instrumental in the increase in population size of 3.8% per year and the concurrent expansion since its introduction [30] . However, it is not known whether acceptance among those affected has actually increased or whether it is the associated extensive monitoring needed to verify reproductions that is acting as a poaching deterrent [30] . Recent developments The Scandinavian Wolverine population appears to be stable at present [12] and a continuous range across Sweden and Norway [27, 28] has been created through natural spread. Highly cooperative projects have been on-going since the 1990s in Sweden [20] and Norway [18] , and large-scale research is now also being undertaken in Finland [21] . However, the high level of culling in some areas of 124
Norway [4] is believed to represent a barrier to the continued recovery and expansion of the species into areas of suitable habitat that exist here, and the suggestion is that the national target population size for Wolverine should be raised. There is also a need to increase our knowledge of the species’ status in Russia, where research is made difficult by its low densities, elusive nature and preference for remote areas. For example, there was a difference of 700 individuals or 50% in the Karelian population between 2008 and 2010 [25, 27] , which was attributable to opinion rather than reflective of a [11, 12] genuine trend. The reported declines in Russia – attributable to prey depletion in the west of the country [19] – are of particular concern considering that this population may account for over half the individuals in Europe (Table 2). These issues will need to be tackled in order to safeguard sustainable populations of the Wolverine in the long-term [5, 8] . In addition, ensuring legal protection and improving public support, especially from those individuals directly affected by depredation events such as reindeer and sheep herders, will be important elements when considering the future conservation of the Wolverine. References 1. Landa, A., M. Linden, and I. Kojola (2000) Action plan for the conservation of wolverines in Europe (Gulo gulo). Council of Europe Nature and Environment Series, 115: 1–45. 2. IUCN (2011a) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [cited 2011; 2011.1:[Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/. 3. Inman, R.M., et al. (2012) The wolverine’s niche: linking reproductive chronology, caching, competition, and climate. Journal of Mammalogy, 93(3): 634–644. 4. Brøseth, H., et al. (2010) Large-scale noninvasive genetic monitoring of wolverines using scats reveals density dependent adult survival. Biological Conservation, 143(1): 113–120. 5. Persson, J., G. Ericsson, and P. Segerstrom (2009) Human caused mortality in the endangered Scandinavian wolverine population. Biological Conservation, 142(2): 325–331. 6. Diedrich, C.G. and J.P. Copeland (2010) Upper Pleistocene Gulo Gulo (Linne, 1758) Remains from the Srbsko Chlum-Komin Hyena Den Cave in the Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic, with Comparisons to Contemporary Wolverines. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 72(2): 122–127. 7. Sommer, R. and N. Benecke (2004) Late- and Post-Glacial history of the Mustelidae in Europe. Mammal Review, 34(4): 249–284. 8. Sæther, B.-E., et al. (2005) Management strategies for the wolverine in Scandinavia. Journal of Wildlife Management, 69(3): 1001–1014. 9. Flagstad, Ø., et al. (2004) Colonization history and noninvasive monitoring of a reestablished wolverine population. Conservation Biology, 18(3): 676–688. 10. Landa, A. and T. Skogland (1995) The relationship between population density and body size of wolverines Gulo gulo in Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 1(3): 165–175. 11. Novikov, B. (Year) The contemporary condition of wolverine populations and numbers in Russia. in 1st International Symposium on Wolverine Research and Management. Jokkmokk, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 12. IUCN (2011b) European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe/european-red-list-site. 13. Persson, J., P. Wedholm, and P. Segerström (2010) Space use and territoriality of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in northern Scandinavia. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 56: 49–57. 14. May, R., et al. (2012) Habitat characteristics associated with wolverine den sites in Norwegian multiple-use landscapes. Journal of Zoology, 287: 195–204. 15. Rauset, G.R., et al. (2013) When species’ ranges meet: assessing differences in habitat selection between sympatric large carnivores. Oecologia, 172: 701–711. 16. Council of Europe (1992) COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. 17. Council of Europe (1979) CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS, in European Treaties Series. 18. Kaczensky, P., et al. (2012) Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe: Part 1. 19. Persson, J. (2013) Pers. comm. 20. Persson, J. (2011) The Swedish Wolverine Project. 08/06/2011 [cited 2011 10/2011]; Available from: http://www.wolverineproject.se. 21. Finnish Large Carnivore Research Project (FLCRP) (2011) Wolverine (Gulo gulo) Unknown [cited 2011 12/11/2011]; Available from: http://www.flcrp.org/index. php?id=29&L=0. 22. Odden, J., et al. (2013) Scandlynx – the Scandinavian lynx project. Available from: scandlynx.nina.no. 23. Gärdenfors, U. (2010) Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2010. 24. Kålås, J.A., et al. (2010) Norsk rødliste for arter 2010 – The 2010 Norwegian Red List for species, Artsdatabanken: Norway. 25. Linnell, J., V. Salvatori, and L. Boitani (2008) Guidelines for population level management plans for large carnivores in Europe. A Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe report prepared for the European Commission. 26. Gubar, Y.P. (2007) Status of resources game animals in Russian Federation 2003–2007: Wolverine, Wolf, Lynx, Brown Bear and Red Fox Data. 27. Persson, J.B., Henrik (2011) Järv i Skandinavien – status och utbredning 1996–2010. 28. Aronsson, M. and J. Persson (2012) Järv i skogslandet. 29. Hedmark, E. and H. Ellegren (2007) DNA-based monitoring of two newly founded Scandinavian wolverine populations. Conservation Genetics, 8(4): 843–852. 30. Rauset, G.R. (2013) Life and death in Wolverines: Linking demography and habitat for conservation, in Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala. 31. van den Brink, F.H. (1955) A field guide to the mammals of Britain and Europe, London, UK: Collins & Sons. 1–221, figs, pls. 32. Swenson, J.E. and H. Andrén (2005) A tale of two countries: large carnivore depredation and compensation schemes in Sweden and Norway, in People and Wildlife: Conflict or Co-Existence?, R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood, and A. Rabinowitz, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. p. 323–339. 33. Zabel, A. and K. Holm-Müller (2008) Conservation performance payments for carnivore conservation in Sweden. Conservation Biology, 22: 247–251. Reviewers: • Malin Aronsson • Dr Jens Persson 125
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77: 3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 78 and 79: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 80 and 81: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83: lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85: 3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 88 and 89: Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91: References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93: 3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 96 and 97: Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99: 3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 102 and 103: Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105: References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107: 3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 110 and 111: % change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115: 3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117: Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119: Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121: 18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123: 3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125: Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 128 and 129: 3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131: Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133: % change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135: 3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137: east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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194
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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