130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Action Description Impact Monitoring and planning International census every 10 years. Established national censuses and monitoring schemes [27] . Medium Site/area protection Site/area management Species management Livelihood, economic and other incentives 894 IBAs identified for White stork in Europe, of which 56% are designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 7% are not protected. Protection of wet grassland areas. Habitat management. Artificial nest creation. Reintroduction programmes. Agro-environmental schemes. High High Medium Low Education Education or awareness programmes [e.g. 40] . High Legislation Table 4. Conservation actions in place for White stork. Listed under a number of international conventions and agreements (see ‘Legal protection and conservation status’ above). Potentially high High in winter, where they are dependent on supplementary food provisioning [20] . Conservation effort in a number of countries is directed towards mitigating the threat from overhead power lines by using stork-friendly modifications, as well as erecting artificial nesting platforms [32, 40, 42, 56] . References 1. Schulz, H. 1998. Ciconia ciconia White Stork. BWP Update 2: 69–105. 2. Goriup, P. & Schulz, H. 1990. Conservation management of the White Stork: an international opportunity. Cambridge: International Council for Bird Preservation. 3. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds) 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 4. Schulz, H. 1999. The world population of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) – Results of the 5th International White Stork Census 1994/95. In H. Schulz (ed.). Weißstorch im Aufwind? – White Stork on the up? – Proceedings, International Symposium on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996: 351–365. Bonn: NABU. 5. Bairlein, F. 1991. Population studies of White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) in Europe. In C.M. Perrins, J.-D. Lebreton & G.J.M. Hirons (eds). Bird Population Studies: Relevance to Conservation and Management: 207–229. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6. Thomsen, K.-M. 2008. Weltweite Volkszählung beim Weißstorch. Der Falke 55: 453–459. 7. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 8. Wetlands International. 2012. Waterbird Population Estimates. Fifth edition. Available from: http://wpe.wetlands.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 184
9. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 10. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 11. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 12. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 13. Haverschmidt, F.o. 1949. The Life of the White Stork. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 14. Dallinga, J.H. & Schoenmakers, S. 1989. Population changes of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia since the 1850s in relation to food resources. In G. Rheinwald, J. Ogden & H. Schulz (eds). Weißstorch – White Stork. Proceedings of the First International Stork Conservation Symposium, Walsrode, 14–19 October 1985: 231–262. Bonn: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten. 15. Rheinwald, G. 1989. Versuch einer bilanz. In G. Rheinwald, J. Ogden & H. Schulz (eds). Weißstorch – White Stork. Proceedings of the First International Stork Conservation Symposium, Walsrode, 14–19 October 1985: 221–227. Bonn: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten. 16. Schüz, E. & Szijj, J. 1962. Report on the international census of the White Stork 1958. Bulletin of the International Council for Bird Preservation 8: 86–98. 17. Boettcher-Streim, W. & Schüz, E. 1989. Bericht über die IV. internationale bestandsaufnahme des weißstorchs 1984 und vergleich mit 1974 (6. übersicht). In G. Rheinwald, J. Ogden & H. Schulz (eds). Weißstorch – White Stork. Proceedings of the First International Stork Conservation Symposium, Walsrode, 14–19 October 1985: 193–219. Bonn: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten. 18. Skriver, J. 2008. Danmarks vilde storke er uddøde. Available from: http://www. dof.dk/index.php?id=nyheder&s=nyheder&m=visning&nyhed_id=517 [accessed on 10 May 2013]. 19. PECBMS. 2013. Trends of Common Birds in Europe, 2013 Update. Available from: http:// www.ebcc.info/pecbm.html [accessed on 15 August 2013]. 20. Thomsen, K.-M. 2013. in litt. 21. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 22. Reiser, O. 1905. Materialien zu einer Ornis Balcanica. Vol. 3. Griechenland. Vienna: In Kommission bei C. Gerold’s Sohn. 23. Vaschetti, G. & Boano, G. 2004. White Stork Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758). In M. Spagnesi & L. Serra (eds). Ucelli d’ Italia – Volume II. Rome and Bologna: Ministero dell’ Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio and Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica “A. Ghigi”. Available from: http://www.iucn. it/documenti/flora.fauna.italia/2-uccelli-1/ files/Ciconiiformes/Cicogna_Bianca/ Cicogna_Bianca_gb.htm [accessed on 04 May 2013]. 24. Galchyonkov, D. 2013. Russia – Russland. In K.-M. Thomsen (ed.). White Stork Populations Across the World: Results of the 6th International White Stork Census 2004/2005 – Weißstörche in aller Welt: Ergebnisse des 6. Internationalen Weißstorchzensus 2004/2005: 29. Berlin: NABU. 25. Grishechnko, V. 2013. Ukraine – Ukraine. In K.-M. Thomsen (ed.). White Stork Populations Across the World: Results of the 6th International White Stork Census 2004/2005 – Weißstörche in aller Welt: Ergebnisse des 6. Internationalen Weißstorchzensus 2004/2005: 32. Berlin: NABU. 26. Tucker, G.M. & Evans, M.I. 1997. Habitats for Birds in Europe: a Conservation Strategy for the Wider Environment. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 27. Schulz, H. 1999. The 5th International White Stork Census 1994/95 – Preparation, realisation and methods. In H. Schulz (ed.). Weißstorch im Aufwind? – White Stork on the up? – Proceedings, International Symposium on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996: 39–48. Bonn: NABU. 28. Schaub, M., Kania, W. & Köppen, U. 2005. Variation of primary production during winter induces synchrony in survival rates in migratory white storks Ciconia ciconia. Animal Ecology 74: 656–666. 29. Dallinga, J.H. & Schoenmakers, S. 1987. Regional decrease in the number of White Storks (Cicnonia c. ciconia) in relation to food resources. Colonial Waterbirds 10: 167–177. 30. Tryjanowski, P., Sparks, T.H., Ptaszyk, J. & Kosicki, J. 2004. Do White Storks Ciconia ciconia always profit from an early return to their breeding grounds? Bird Study 51: 222–227. 31. Garrido, J.R. & Fernández-Cruz, M. 2003. Effects of power lines on a White Stork Ciconia ciconia population in central Spailn. Ardeola 50: 191–200. 32. Kaluga, I., Sparks, T.H. & Tryjanowski, P. 2012. Reducing death by electrocution of the white stork Ciconia ciconia. Conservation Letters 4: 483–487. 33. Martin, G.R. & Shaw, J.M. 2010. Bird collisions with power lines: Failing to see the way ahead? Biological Conservation 143: 2695–2702. 34. Schaub, M. & Pradel, R. 2004. Assessing the relative importance of different sources of mortality from recoveries of marked animals. Ecology 85: 930–938. 35. Schaub, M. & Lebreton, J.-D. 2004. Testing the additive versus the compensatory hypothesis of mortality from ring recovery data using a random effects model. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 73–85. 36. Dolata, P.T. 2006. The White Stork Ciconia ciconia protection in Poland by tradition, customs, law, and active efforts. In P. Tryjanowski, T.H. Sparks & L. Jerzak (eds). The White Stork in Poland: Studies in Biology, Ecology and Conservation: 477–492. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 37. BirdLife Malta. 2011. White Storks Hunted Down. Available from: http://www.birdlife. org/community/2011/05/white-storkshunted-down/ [accessed on 10 May 2013]. 38. Hancock, J.A., Kushlan, J.A. & Kahl, M.P. 1992. Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. London: Academic Press. 39. Berthold, P., Van Den Bossche, W., Fiedler, W., Kaatz, C., Kaatz, M., Leshem, Y., Nowak, E. & Querner, U. 2001. Detection of a new important staging and wintering area of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia by satellite tracking. Ibis 143: 450–455. 40. Czujkowska, A., Królak, T., Łukasik, D., Olszewski, A., Rzępała, M., Tarłowski, A. & Wierzbicka, A. 2012. Poradnik ochrony bociana białego. Warsaw: Towarzystwo Przyrodnicze „Bocian”. 41. Thomsen, K.-M. 2013. White Stork Populations Across the World: Results of the 6th International White Stork Census 2004/2005 – Weißstörche in aller Welt: Ergebnisse des 6. Internationalen Weißstorchzensus 2004/2005. Berlin: NABU. 42. Molina, B. & del Moral, J.C. 2004. La Cigüeña Blanca en España. VI Censo Internacional (2004). Madrid: SEO/BirdLife. 43. Negro, J.J., Tella, J.L., Blanco, G., Forero, M.G. & Garrido-Fernández, J. 2000. Diet explains interpopulation variation of plasma carotenoids and skin pigmentation in nesting White Storks. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73: 97–101. 44. Correia, A.M. 2001. Seasonal and interspecific evaluation of predation by mammals and birds on the introduced red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea, Cambaridae) in a freshwater marsh (Portugal). Journal of Zoology 255: 533–541. 45. Barbraud, C., Barbraud, J.-C., Barbraud, M. & Delord, K. 2002. Changements recents dans le régime alimentaire des poussins de Cigogne Blanche Ciconia ciconia en Charente-Maritime (centre-ouest, France). Alauda 70: 437–444. 46. Peris, S.J. 2003. Feeding in urban refuse dumps: ingestion of plastic objects by the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia). Ardeola 50: 81–84. 47. Tortosa, F.S., Caballero, J.M. & Reyes-López, J. 2002. Effect of rubbish dumps on breeding success in the White Stork in southern Spain. Waterbirds 25: 39–43. 48. Tortosa, F.S., Máñez, M. & Barcell, M. 1995. Wintering White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) in South West Spain in the years 1991 and 1992. Vogelwarte 38: 41–45. 49. Tortosa, F.S., Pérez, L. & Hillström, L. 2003. Effect of food abundance on laying date and clutch size in the White Stork Ciconia ciconia. Bird Study 50: 112–115. 50. Blanco, G. 1996. Population dynamics and communal roosting of white storks foraging at a Spanish refuse dump. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 273–276. 51. Kruszyk, R. & Ciach, M. 2010. White Storks, Ciconia ciconia, forage on rubbish dumps in Poland – a novel behaviour in population. European Journal of Wildlife Research 56: 83–87. 52. Archaux, F., Balança, G., Henry, P.-Y. & Zapata, G. 2004. Wintering of White Storks in Mediterranean France. Waterbirds 27: 441–445. 53. Massemin-Challet, S., Gendner, J.-P., Samtmann, S., Pichegru, L., Wulgué, A. & Le Maho, Y. 2006. The effect of migration strategy and food availability on White Stork Ciconia ciconia breeding success. Ibis 148: 503–508. 54. Gordo, O., Sanz, J.J. & Lobo, J.M. 2007. Spatial patterns of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) migratory phenology in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Ornithology 148: 293–308. 55. Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Official Journal of the European Communities: L 182/1. 56. Carreira, P.J.G., Maricato, L.M.G., Costa Mendes, N.M.S., Bastião, F., M. L., Madeira, V.M.C. & de Almeida, A.T. 2011. Management of storks and quality of energy service. In EPQU 2011: 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. Lisbon: IEEE Xplore Digital Library. Peer reviewer • Kai-Michael Thomsen 185
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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Page 138 and 139: % change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141: Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143: 3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145: Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Page 148 and 149: Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151: mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153: 3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155: Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 156 and 157: % change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159: Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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Page 162 and 163: 4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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252
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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