References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011.1: Available from: http://www. iucnredlist.org/. 2. Meijaard, E., d’Huart, J.P. & Oliver, a.W.L.R. 2011. Family Suidae (Pigs), <strong>in</strong> Handbook of the Mammals of the World Vol 2: Hoofed Mammals, D.E. Wilson and R.A. Mittermeier, Editors., Lynx Edicions: Barcelona, Spa<strong>in</strong>. 3. Larson, G., Dobney, K., Albarella, U., et al. 2005. Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication. Science, 307: 1618–1621. 4. Larson, G., Albarella, U., Dobney, K., et al. 2007. Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic <strong>in</strong>to Europe. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104 15276–15281. 5. Yalden, D.W. 1999. The history of British mammals, London: T & AD Poyser. 305. 6. Apollonio, M., Andersen, R. & Putman, R., eds. 2010. European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 7. Mitchell-Jones, A.J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., et al. 1999. The Atlas of European Mammals, London, UK: T. and A.D. Poyser. 8. Wawrzyniak, P., Jędrzejewski, W., Jędrzejewska, B., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Poland, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 9. Council of Europe 1979. Convention On The Conservation Of European Wildlife And Natural Habitats. European Treaties Series. 10. IUCN 2011b. European Red List. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/<strong>in</strong>itiatives/<strong>europe</strong>/<strong>europe</strong>an-red-list-site. 11. Reimoser, F. & Reimoser, S. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Austria, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 338–356. 12. Casaer, J. & Licoppe, A. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Belgium, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 184–200. 13. Kusak, J. & Krap<strong>in</strong>ec, K. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Croatia, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 527–539. 14. Bartoš, L., Kotrba, R. & P<strong>in</strong>tíř, J. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the Czech Republic, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 15. Andersen, R. & Holthe, V. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Denmark, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 71–85. 16. Veeroja, R. & Männil, P. 2012. Demography and management of wild boar (Sus scrofa) <strong>in</strong> Estonia, <strong>in</strong> 9th International Symposium on Wild Boar and other Suids: Hannover, Germany. 17. Ruusila, V. & Kojola, I. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>land, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 18. Maillard, D., Gaillard, J.-M., Hewison, A.J.M., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> France, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 19. Wotschikowsky, U. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Germany, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 20. Tsachalidis, E.P. & Hadjisterkotis, E. 2009. Current distribution and population status of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) <strong>in</strong> Greece. Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica, 5: 153–157. 21. Csányi, S. & Lehoczki, R. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Hungary, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 291–318. 22. Apollonio, M., Ciuti, S., Pedrotti, L., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Italy, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 23. Andersone-Lilley, Ž., Balčiauskas, L., Ozoliņš, J., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the Baltics (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 24. van Wieren, S.E. & Groot Bru<strong>in</strong>der<strong>in</strong>k, G.W.T.A. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 165–183. 25. Micu, I., Náhlik, A., Neguş, Ş., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Romania, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 319–337. 26. Paunović, M., Ćirović, D. & L<strong>in</strong>nell, J.D.C. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Serbia, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 563–571. 27. F<strong>in</strong>do, S. & Skuban, M. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Slovakia, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 28. Adamic, M. & Jer<strong>in</strong>a, K. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Slovenia, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 507–526. 29. Carranza, J. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Spa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 419–440. 30. Jansson, G., Månsson, J. & Magnusson, M. 2010. Hur många vildsv<strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ns det?, Svensk Jakt 4. 4: 31. Aebischer, N.J., Davey, P.D. & K<strong>in</strong>gdon, N.G. 2011. National Gamebag Census: Mammal Trends to 2009. Available from: http://www. gwct.org.uk/ngcmammals. 32. Andersen, R., Lund, E., Solberg, E.J., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Norway, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 33. V<strong>in</strong>gada, J., Fonseca, C., Cancela, J., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Portugal, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 392–418. 34. Imesch-Bebié, N., Gander, H. & Schnidrig-Petrig, R. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Switzerland, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 35. Palomo, L.J. & Gisbert, J. 2002. Atlas de los mamíferos terrestres de España, Madrid, Spa<strong>in</strong>: Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza, SECEM-SECEMU. 36. Liberg, O., Bergström, R., K<strong>in</strong>dberg, J., et al. 2010. Ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> Sweden, <strong>in</strong> European ungulates and their management <strong>in</strong> the 21st century, M. Apollonio, R. Andersen, and R. Putman, Editors., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 37. Truve, J. & Lemel, J. 2003. Tim<strong>in</strong>g and distance of natal dispersal for wild boar, Sus scrofa <strong>in</strong> Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 9: 51–57. 38. van den Br<strong>in</strong>k, F.H. 1955. A field guide to the mammals of Brita<strong>in</strong> and Europe, London, UK: Coll<strong>in</strong>s & Sons. 1–221, figs, pls. 39. Invasive Species Ireland (ISI) 2011. Policy Position Statement on Wild boar (Sus scrofa) and hybrids <strong>in</strong> Ireland and Northern Ireland. Belfast. 40. Rosvold, J. & Andersen, R. 2008. Wild boar <strong>in</strong> Norway – is climate a limit<strong>in</strong>g factor? NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet Rapport Zoologisk Serie 2008. Trondheim, Norway. 1–23. 41. Massa, B. & La Mantia, T. 2007. Forestry, pasture, agriculture and fauna correlated to recent changes <strong>in</strong> Sicily. Forest@, 4 (4): 418–438. 42. Hadjisterkotis, E. 2004. The <strong>in</strong>troduction of wild boar Sus scrofa L. on the island of Cyprus. Galemys, 16: 233–242. 43. Deutscher Jagdschutzverband 2013. Wildunfall-Statistik 2011/2012. Reviewer • Dr Erik Meijaard 88
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
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No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
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Action Description Impact Legislati
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4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
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Country No. of breeding pairs Year
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References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
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4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
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Figure 2. Current distribution of B
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4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
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Figure 2. Current distribution of G
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
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Figure 2. Current distribution of C
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4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
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Threat Description Impact Transport
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Drivers of recovery The spectacular
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4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
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Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Action Monitoring and planning Site
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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
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Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild