130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Action Description Impact Legislation Use of organochlorine chemicals is banned in Critical most countries. Monitoring and planning Site/area protection Site/area management Legally protected in most countries and included in various international treaties and conventions (see ‘Legal protection and conservation status’). Many populations across Europe are monitored regularly [10] . There are 1004 IBAs identified for the Peregrine falcon in Europe, of which 51% are fully designated as SPAs and 9% are not protected. Nest wardening [26, 77, 82] . High Medium Medium Local Species recovery Artificial nest platforms. Medium Species reintroduction Education and awareness Reintroduction programmes in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland and Russia. Awareness raising programmes to mitigate conflicts [41] . High Low and Poland [28, 54, 82, 84] . The size of many populations in Europe is now higher than it was before the organochlorine crisis. It is important to note that contamination by toxic chemicals still occurs, but the current effects on Peregrine falcons remain unknown [27] . In order to help fill gaps in research, consolidate knowledge, and enable improvements in the effectiveness of conservation actions for this species, the European Peregrine Falcon Working Group was recently established [27] . Table 4. Conservation actions in place for Peregrine falcon [2, 37–39] . References 1. Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. 2001. Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. 2. Sielicki, J. 2013. in litt. 3. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds) 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 4. Stirling-Aird, P. 2012. Peregrine Falcon. London: New Holland Publishers. 5. Mebs, T. 2001. Ground-nesting Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Europe – situation in past and today. Buteo 12: 81–84. 6. UNEP-WCMC Species Database. Cambridge: United Nations Environmental Program, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Available from: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/ [accessed on: 04 April 2013]. 7. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 8. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 9. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 10. Newton, I. 1988. Changes in the status of the Peregrine Falcon in Europe: an overview. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 227–234. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 11. Lindberg, P., Schei, P.J. & Wikman, M. 1988. The Peregrine Falcon in Fennoscandia. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 159–172. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 12. Ratcliffe, D.A. 1993. The Peregrine Falcon. London: T & A.D. Poyser. 13. Hlaváč, V., Beran, V. & Bělka, T. 2007. Development of the Peregrine and Saker Falcon populations in the Czech Republic in last 30 years. In J. Sielicki & S. Sielicki (eds). Peregrine Conference, Poland 2007 – Abstracts: 24. Piotrowo/Poznań, Poland: TURUL. 14. Mebs, T. 1969. Peregrine Falcon population trends in West Germany. In J. Hickey (ed.). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Biology and Decline: 193–207. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 15. Kleinstäuber, G. & Kirmse, W. 1988. Status of the Peregine Falcon in East Germany, 1965–1985. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). eregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 179–189. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 16. Terrasse, J.-F. & Terrasse, M.Y. 1969. The status of the Peregrine Falcon in France in 1965. In J. Hickey (ed.). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Biology and Decline: 225–230. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 17. Monneret, R.-J. 2009. Evolution and current situation of the Peregrine Falcon in France. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 169–174. Warsaw/ Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 18. Ragyov, D., Demerdziev, D. & Angelov, I. 2009. Peregrine in Bulgaria – general review. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 229–244. Warsaw/ Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 19. Andreasen, N.P. 2009. Distribution and present status of the Peregrine Falcon in Denmark. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 45–50. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 20. Leibak, E., Lilleleht, V. & Veromann, H. (eds) 1994. Birds of Estonia – Status, Distribution and Numbers. Tallinn: Estonian Academy Publishers. 21. Kerus, V. 2013. in litt. 22. Chavko, J., Siryová, S. & Maderič, B. 2009. The population of Peregrine Falcon in Slovakia 1994–2007. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 65–76. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 23. Prommer, M. 2013. in litt. 24. Bagyura, J., Prommer, M., Szitta, T. & Molnár, I.L. 2009. Status of Peregrine population in Hungary 1964–2007. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 51–60. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 25. Mizera, T. & Sielicki, J. 2009. Breeding status of the Peregrine Falcon in Poland during the pre- and post- DDT era. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 153–168. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 26. Juillard, M. 1988. Recolonization of the Swiss Jura Mountains by the Peregrine Falcon. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 197–200. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 27. Resolutions of the 2nd International Peregrine Falcon Conference. 19–22 September 2007. Priotrowo/Poznań: Society for the Protection of Wild Animals “Falcon”, Poland. 28. Kirmse, W. 2004. Tree-nesting Peregrines Falco p. peregrinus in Europe did not recover. In R.D. Chancellor & B.-U. Meyburg (eds). Raptors Worldwide: 271–277. Budapest: WWGBP/MME. 29. Bijlsma, R.G., Hustings, F. & Camphuysen, C.J. 2001. Algemene en schaarse broedvogels van Nederland. Avifauna van Nederland 2. Haarlem/Utrecht: GMB Uitgeverij/KNNV Uitgeverij. 30. Bonczar, Z. & Kozik, B. 2009. The Peregrine Falcon in the Pieniny Mountains. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 633–640. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 31. Raudonikis, L. 2013. in litt. 32. Ratcliffe, D.A. 1988. The Peregrine population of Great Britain and Ireland 1965–1985. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. 214
Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 147–157. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 33. Kirmse, W. (via Sielicki, J.) 2013. in litt. 34. Baillie, S.R., Marchant, J.H., Leech, D.I., Massimino, D., Eglington, S.M., Johnston, A., Noble, D.G., Barimore, C., Kew, A.J., Downie, I.S., Risely, K. & Robinson, R.A. 2013. BirdTrends 2012: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. BTO Research Report No. 644. Thetford: BTO. Available from: http://www.bto.org/ birdtrends [accessed on 22 August 2013]. 35. Ratcliffe, D.A. 1969. Population trends of the Peregrine Falcon in Great Britain. In J. Hickey (ed.). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Biology and Decline: 239–269. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 36. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 37. Hickey, J. (ed.) 1969. Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Biology and Decline. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 38. Cade, T.J., Enderson, J.H., Thelander, C.G. & White, C.M. (eds) 1988. Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 39. Sielicki, J. & Mizera, T. (eds) 2009. Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Sciences Press. 40. Baker, H., Stroud, D.A., Aebischer, N.J., Cranswick, P.A., Gregory, R.D., McSorley, C.A., Noble, D.A. & Rehfisch, M.M. 2006. Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds 99: 25–44. 41. Crick, H.Q.P. & Ratcliffe, D.A. 1995. The Peregrine Falco peregrinus breeding population of the United Kingdom in 1991. Bird Study 42: 1–19. 42. Marchant, J.H., Hudson, R., Carter, S.P. & Whittington, P.A. 1990. Population Trends in British Breeding Birds. Tring: BTO. 43. Musgrove, A., Aebischer, N., Eaton, M., Hearn, R., Newson, S., Noble, D., Parsons, M., RIsely, K. & Stroud, D. 2013. Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds 106: 64–100. 44. RSPB. 2012. The State of the UK’s Birds 2012. Sandy: RSPB. 45. Stroud, D.A., Chambers, D., Cook, S., Buxton, N., Fraser, B., Clement, P., Lewis, P., McLean, I., Baker, H. & Whitehead, S. (eds) 2001. The UK SPA network: its scope and content. Peterborough: JNCC. 46. Gamauf, A., Probst, R. & Steiner, H. 2009. The Peregrine Falcon in Austria: population development and ecological requirements. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st century: 99–116. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Sciences Press. 47. Vangeluwe, D. 2013. Falcons for everyone. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Available from: http://www.falconsforeveryone.be/page.jsp?lang=en&ref=project2 [ accessed on 20 July 2013]. 48. Kotrošan, D. & Hatibović, E. 2012. Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina – their status and perspectives for monitoring development. Acrocephalus 33: 173−179. 49. Kralj, J., Budinski, I. & Mikulić, K. 2009. Satus and trends of the Peregrine in Croatia. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st century: 131–136. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Sciences Press. 50. Hellicar, M.A. 2013. in litt. 51. Landsfeld, B. 2013. Odhad počtu párů dravců a vybraných druhů sov v ČR. Zpravodaj SOVDS 13: 3. 52. Lehtiniemi, T. 2013. in litt. 53. LPO BirdLife France. 2012. 1980–2012 Breeding bird inventory of France. Database. Rochefort: LPO. 54. Kleinstäuber, G., Kirmse, W. & Sömmer, P. 2009. The return of the Peregrine to eastern Germany – re-colonisation in the west and east; the formation of an isolated tree-nesting subpopulation and further management. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 641–676. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 55. Mee, A. 2012. An overview of monitoring for raptors in Ireland. Acrocephalus 33: 239−245. 56. Taranto, P. 2009. Status of the Peregrine Falcon in Italy. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 267–276. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 57. Willi, G. 2013. in litt. 58. Lorgé, P. & Melchior, E. 2010. Unpublished data. Vögel Luxemburgs (LNVL). 59. Foppen, R. 2013. in litt. 60. Steen, O.F. 200. The Peregrine Falcon recovery in SE Norway. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st century: 259–266. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Sciences Press. 61. Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza e das Florestas. 2008. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim. 62. “Milvus Group” Association. 2013. Unpublished data. 63. Galushin, V.M. 2009. The Peregrine Falcon populations in European Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st century: 323–334. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Sciences Press. 64. Puzović, S. & Ružić, M. 2013. in litt. 65. Dravecký, M. & Guziová, Z. 2012. A preliminary overview of monitoring for raptors in the Slovak Republic. Acrocephalus 33: 261−269. 66. Denac, K., Mihelič, T., Božič, L., Kmecl, P., Jančar, T., Figelj, J. & Rubinić, B. 2011. Strokovni predlog za revizijo posebnih območij varstva (SPA) z uporabo najnovejših kriterijev za določitev mednarodno pomembnih območij za ptice (IBA). Končno poročilo (dopolnjena verzija). [Expert proposal for a revision of Special Protection Areas (SPA) using the latest criteria for determining the internationally important bird areas (IBA). Final Report (updated version). Client: Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning]. Naročnik: Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor. Ljubljana: DOPPS. 67. Del Moral, J.C. & Molina, B. 2009. El Halcón Peregrino en España: Población Reproductora en 2008 y Método de Censo. Madrid: SEO/BirdLife. 68. Hellström, P. & Helander, B. 2012. A preliminary overview of monitoring for raptors in Sweden. Acrocephalus 33: 277−282. 69. Schmid, H. 2013. in litt. 70. Прокопенко, С.П., Вєтров, В.В. & Милобог, Ю.В. 2009. Сапсан – Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771. In I.A. Акімова (ed.). Червона книга України [Red Book of Ukraine]: 437. Kiev: Глобалконсалтинг. 71. Vetrov, V., Prokopenko, S.P. & MIlobog, Y.V. 2009. Distribution and number of the Peregrine in Ukraine. In J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Status and Perspectives in the 21st Century: 277–280. Warsaw/Poznań: TURUL/Poznań University of Life Siences. 72. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. New York: Nelson. 73. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 74. Ratcliffe, D.A. 1967. Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature 215: 208–210. 75. Peakall, D.B. & Kiff, L.F. 1979. Eggshell thinning and DDE residue levels among Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus: a global perspective. Ibis 121: 200–204. 76. Hickey, J. 1969. General discussion: the Peregrine Falcon in Western Europe. In J. Hickey (ed.). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Biology and Decline: 271–273. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 77. Allavena, S. 1988. Status and conservation problems of the Peregrine Falcon in Italy. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 215–217. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 78. Heredia, B., Hiraldo, F., González, L.M. & González, J.L. 1988. Status, ecology, and conservation of the Peregrine Falcon in Spain. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 219–226. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 79. Gainzarain, J.A., Arambari, R. & Rodríguez, A.F. 2002. Population size and factors affecting the density of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in Spain. Ardeola 49: 67–74. 80. Amar, A., Court, I.R., Davison, M., Downing, S., Grimshaw, T., Pickford, T. & Raw, D. 2012. Linking nest histories, remotely sensed land use data and wildlife crime records to explore the impact of grouse moor management on peregrine falcon populations. Biological Conservation 145: 86–94. 81. Heren, H. 1969. The status of the Peregrine Falcon in Switzerland. In J. Hickey (ed.). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Biology and Decline: 231–238. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 82. Mebs, T. 1988. The return of the Peregrine Falcon in West Germany. In T.J. Cade, J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander & C.M. White (eds). Peregrine Falcon Populations – Their Management and Recovery: 173–177. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. 83. Saar, C. 1985. The breeding and release of Peregrines in West Germany. ICBP Technical Publication 5: 363–365. 84. Sielicki, S. & Sielicki, J. 2009. Tree-nesting population of Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in Europe and restitution of the species in Poland. Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej 22: 67–85. Reviewers • Tadeusz Mizera • Mátyás Prommer • Janusz Sielicki 215
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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158
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167: 4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171: Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173: 4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175: Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177: 4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179: No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181: educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183: 4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189: 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191: Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193: Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195: 4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Page 198 and 199: Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201: 4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203: Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205: Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207: 4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211: Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213: 4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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264
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337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
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1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
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No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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272
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A Range change B Range change C Ran
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Reason for positive change Species
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Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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280
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The comeback of large and charismat
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A safari group in the Velebit mount
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The view from a bear watching hide
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species [44] [45] and if animals be
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One of the challenges around increa
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Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
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Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
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key tool for wildlife population in
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Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
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Box 2. The native versus alien spec
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References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
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113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
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Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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