130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Wildlife comeback in Europe The recovery of selected mammal and bird species Authors Stefanie Deinet 1 , Christina Ieronymidou 2 , Louise McRae 1 , Ian J. Burfield 2 , Ruud P. Foppen 3 , Ben Collen 1,4 and Monika Böhm 1 1 Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom 2 BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom 3 European Bird Census Council (EBCC), Natuurplaza, P.O. Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands 4 Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom A study commissioned by: Rewilding Europe Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands www.rewildingeurope.com This study has been made possible by generous grants from the Swedish Postcode Lottery, the Liberty Wildlife Fund and ARK Nature. Image sources: Bruno d’Amícis: 44, 47, 49; Juan Carlos Muñoz: 158, 198, 242, 245, 246; Nature Picture Library, NPL: José Luis Gomez de Francisco: 174, 178; Dietmar Nill: 204, 208; Rod Williams: 175; Xi Zhinong: 207 Rewilding Europe & Wild Wonders of Europe: Peter Cairns: 62, 89, 150; Laurent Geslin: 126, 264; Magnus Elander: 228, 232; Erlend Haarberg: 32, 36, 50, 54, 57; Mark Hamblin: 18, 184; Grzegorz Lesniewski: 66, 70, 72; Juan Carlos Muñoz: 12, 216, 291; Florian Möllers: 74, 79, 82, 272, 297; Laszlo Novak: 164, 167, 168; Pete Oxford: 22, 112, 119; Jari Peltomäki: 191, 192, 193; Louis-Marie Preau: 132; Ruben Smit: 83; Stefano Unterthiner: front cover, 15, 29, 170, 254, 257; Markus Varesvuo: 187, 238, 241; Staffan Widstrand: 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 38, 42, 96, 98, 103, 120, 140, 144, 147, 148, 183, 194, 196, 222, 223, 235, 236, 283, 284, 286, 287, 298, 301; Sven Zacek: 86 José B. Ruíz: 202 Svetoslav Spasov: 90 Markus Varesvuo: 160, 260, 263 Staffan Widstrand: 58, 65, 104, 106, 109, 124, 134, 137, 157, 280, 290, 305 Wild Wonders of Europe: Peter Cairns: 155; Laurent Geslin: 188, 210, 211; Juan Carlos Muñoz: 219, 220; Staffan Widstrand: 41, 180, 185, 201, 279; Konrad Wothe: 248, 251, 252 Graphic design Kristjan Jung © 2013 All texts, maps and graphics: ZSL, BirdLife International and EBCC © 2013 All photographs: the respective photographers and the image sources noted above.
Table of contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3. Mammal species accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 3.1. European bison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 3.2. Alpine ibex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.3. Iberian ibex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 3.4. Southern chamois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.5. Northern chamois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 3.6. Eurasian elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 3.7. Roe deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 3.8. Red deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.9. Wild boar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 3.10. Golden jackal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 3.11. Grey wolf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3.12. Eurasian lynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.13. Iberian lynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3.14. Wolverine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3.15. Grey seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 3.16. Harbour seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.17. Brown bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 3.18. Eurasian beaver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 4. Bird species accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 4.1. Pink-footed goose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 4.2. Barnacle goose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 4.3. Whooper swan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 4.4. White-headed duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.5. White stork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 4.6. Eurasian spoonbill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4.7. Dalmatian pelican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 4.8. Lesser kestrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 4.9. Saker falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 4.10. Peregrine falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.11. Red kite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 4.12. White-tailed eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 4.13. Bearded vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 4.14. Griffon vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 4.15. Cinereous vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 4.18. Common crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 4.19. Roseate tern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 5. Overview of wildlife comeback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 6. Reconnecting with nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Page 1 and 2: Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
Page 3: Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
Page 7: Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
Page 10 and 11: The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
Page 12 and 13: 96 year old olive farmer with his d
Page 14 and 15: 12
Page 16 and 17: Limitations of population trend dat
Page 18 and 19: Constructing historical distributio
Page 20 and 21: Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Definitions of classificat
Page 24 and 25: 22
Page 26 and 27: 3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
Page 28 and 29: Table 2. Latest population estimate
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
Page 32 and 33: Rank Reason for change Description
Page 34 and 35: 3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
Page 38 and 39: % change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
Page 40 and 41: 3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
Page 46 and 47: 3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
Page 52 and 53: 3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
Page 54 and 55:
Scale Status Population trend Justi
Page 56 and 57:
% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
Page 58 and 59:
Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
Page 60 and 61:
3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
Page 62 and 63:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
Page 64 and 65:
Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
Page 66 and 67:
References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
Page 68 and 69:
3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
Page 70 and 71:
Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
Page 72 and 73:
Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
Page 74 and 75:
Recent developments As discussed ab
Page 76 and 77:
3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 82 and 83:
lineages for the local area and min
Page 84 and 85:
3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Abundance and distribution: changes
Page 90 and 91:
References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
Page 92 and 93:
3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Recent developments Table 3. Major
Page 98 and 99:
3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
Page 104 and 105:
References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
Page 106 and 107:
3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 114 and 115:
3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
Page 116 and 117:
Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
Page 118 and 119:
Table 3. Major reasons for positive
Page 120 and 121:
18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
Page 122 and 123:
3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
Page 124 and 125:
Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
Page 126 and 127:
Rank Reason for change Description
Page 128 and 129:
3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
Page 130 and 131:
Estimate assessed Reference Global
Page 132 and 133:
% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
Page 134 and 135:
3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
Page 136 and 137:
east coast, the distribution is res
Page 138 and 139:
% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 3. Map of recent development
Page 142 and 143:
3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
Page 144 and 145:
Table 2. Latest population estimate
Page 146 and 147:
144
Page 148 and 149:
Recent developments % change 200 15
Page 150 and 151:
mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
Page 152 and 153:
3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
Page 158 and 159:
Table 3. Major reasons for change i
Page 160 and 161:
158
Page 162 and 163:
4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
Page 164 and 165:
Table 2. Major threats that drove P
Page 166 and 167:
4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 170 and 171:
Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
Page 172 and 173:
4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
Page 174 and 175:
Threat Description Impact Hunting a
Page 176 and 177:
4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
Page 178 and 179:
No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
Page 180 and 181:
educing the population in the count
Page 182 and 183:
4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
Page 184 and 185:
Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 186 and 187:
Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 188 and 189:
4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
Page 190 and 191:
Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
Page 192 and 193:
Threat Description Impact Residenti
Page 194 and 195:
4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
Page 196 and 197:
194
Page 198 and 199:
Table 3 Major threats that drove th
Page 200 and 201:
4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
Page 202 and 203:
Figure 2. Current distribution of L
Page 204 and 205:
Action Description Impact Livelihoo
Page 206 and 207:
4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
Page 210 and 211:
Action Description Impact Planning
Page 212 and 213:
4.10. Peregrine falcon Falco peregr
Page 214 and 215:
No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217:
Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219:
4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221:
Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227:
Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229:
References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231:
4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233:
Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235:
4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243:
Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245:
4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247:
Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249:
Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251:
4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 2. Current distribution of E
Page 254 and 255:
252
Page 256 and 257:
4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259:
Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261:
Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 262 and 263:
4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265:
Threat Description Impact Human int
Page 266 and 267:
264
Page 268 and 269:
337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271:
1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273:
No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
Page 274 and 275:
272
Page 276 and 277:
A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279:
Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281:
Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
Page 282 and 283:
280
Page 284 and 285:
The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287:
A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289:
The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291:
species [44] [45] and if animals be
Page 292 and 293:
One of the challenges around increa
Page 294 and 295:
Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297:
Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299:
key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301:
Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303:
Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305:
References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307:
113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309:
Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
Page 310:
Acknowledgements This study on wild
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