130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii Summary Background Table 1. Global IUCN Red List status [7] , European population and SPEC status [8] and EU population status [9] of Roseate tern. The Roseate tern was nearly driven to extinction in Europe in the 19 th century due to the millinery trade, but legal protection allowed the species to recover. However, a second period of decline occurred between the late 1960s and the mid-1970s, as a result of a combination of persecution in the species’ wintering grounds and increased predation and human disturbance at the breeding sites in Europe. Conservation efforts, including increased protection of colonies from disturbance, control of predators, habitat management and nest box provisioning, have enabled the key population in Ireland to increase. Positive trends in Ireland, and in particular the key colony at Rockabill, is driving the recovery of the total population in Europe. However the populations in the UK and France have not recovered appreciably following the decline, while the separate population in the Azores is fluctuating with no overall trend. Scale Status Justification Global Least Concern (since 1994; was considered Near Threatened in 1988) Extremely large range, and large population size, which is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. Europe Rare (SPEC 3) Small population size. EU25 Rare General description of the species The Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) is a migratory coastal seabird, which feeds by plunge diving [1] . It breeds in colonies, which in Europe are almost always mixed with other species of tern [2] . Age of first breeding is 3–4 years and eggs are laid between mid-May and late July [2] . Roseate terns in Europe spend at least four months on their breeding grounds and post-breeding staging areas before migrating to West Africa to winter [1] . Distribution in Europe The species breeds on all continents except Antarctica. In Europe there are two breeding populations: the population in the Azores (Portugal) and that in Ireland, the UK and France [3, 4] . Roseate terns used to be found at other sites in northwest Europe, as well as in Tunisia [2] . Habitat preferences Colonies are on small rocky islands offshore or in brackish lagoons and Roseate terns usually nest under the cover of vegetation, rock crevices or man-made nest boxes [1] . Roseate terns forage in small mixed groups of terns, but will also feed in association with other seabirds, cetaceans and large predatory fish, such as tuna and mackerel. They feed on small shoaling fish, such as sandeels and sprats in northwest Europe or trumpet fish and horse mackerel in the Azores [2] . 260
Legal protection and conservation status The species is listed under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and it is included on the OSPAR (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) list of threatened and/or declining species [5] . The population that breeds in Europe is listed in Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA), listed in column A (category 1c) in the AEWA Action Plan [5, 6] . No. of breeding pairs 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Abundance: current status and changes In the 19 th century, Roseate terns declined to very small numbers in Europe, and in North America, but the species recovered [4] . More recently, the Roseate tern population in Europe declined very rapidly from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s, from 3,900 pairs in 1967 to 700 in 1977 (82% decline) [4, 10] . This was followed by a gradual increase in total numbers, but the current population is still less than 60% of its size in 1967 (Figure 1). Ireland holds the largest population of Roseate terns (1,334 pairs in 2012 [11] ) and accounts for about half the total population in Europe, closely followed by the Azores (1,050 pairs in 2011 [12] ). The UK and France host much smaller numbers: in 2010 there were 133 breeding pairs in the UK and in France there were 32–37 pairs in 2012 [13–15] . It is evident that the observed increase in the total population is driven by the positive trend of Roseate terns breeding in Ireland (Figure 1) where, in turn, the population is dominated by the Rockabill colony [10] . In France and the UK the Roseate tern populations remain small (Figure 1), with some evidence of recovery beginning in the UK [2, 3, 16] . However, it is important to note that there is significant interchange of birds between the Irish, UK and French sites [17] . The Azores population has fluctuated and the population cycles over a 5–6 year period, with no overall trend (Figure 1) [3, 10, 12] . Distribution: current status and changes Roseate terns currently breed only in Britain, Ireland, Brittany and adjacent coasts of northern France, and the Azores (Figure 2). Breeding has also been reported in the past in the Canary Islands and Madeira, but there have been no Figure 1. Total number of Roseate tern breeding pairs in Europe since 1967 [2, 3, 10] , showing population development in Ireland [11] , the UK and France [2–4, 10, 13, 14, 18] , and the Azores from 1979 [3, 12] . Figure 2. Current distribution of Roseate tern colonies in Europe and historical area of breeding distribution in the 1950s [19] and 1980s [20] . 261
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Action Description Impact Planning
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Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
Page 218 and 219: 4.11. Red kite Milvus milvus Summar
Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
Page 222 and 223: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 224 and 225: 4.12. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus
Page 226 and 227: Country No. of breeding pairs Year
Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239: Action Description Impact Monitorin
Page 240 and 241: 4.15. Cinereous vulture Aegypius mo
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 260 and 261: Action Monitoring and planning Site
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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Page 276 and 277: A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
Page 280 and 281: Dalmatian pelicans at the Kerkini L
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Page 284 and 285: The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287: A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289: The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291: species [44] [45] and if animals be
Page 292 and 293: One of the challenges around increa
Page 294 and 295: Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297: Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299: key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301: Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303: Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305: References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307: 113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309: Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
Page 310: Acknowledgements This study on wild
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