130925-studie-wildlife-comeback-in-europe

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Action Monitoring and planning Site/area protection Site/area management Species reintroduction Livelihood, economic and other incentives Education and awareness Legislation Table 4. Conservation actions in place for Common cranes [1, 5, 6, 35] . Description The European Crane Working Group (ECWG) coordinates monitoring, research and conservation activities. There are 927 IBAs identified for Common crane in Europe, of which 52% are fully designated as SPAs or other protected areas and 13% are not protected. Protected areas at key breeding, staging and wintering areas, but many other sites are found outside protected areas. Wetland creation and restoration. Mitigation of dangerous powerlines. A reintroduction project has begun in the UK to assist recolonisation and first breeding of reintroduced cranes occurred this year [31, 47] . Agreements with private land owners to protect key resting and wintering habitats, including agri-environment measures. Efforts to address conflict caused by crop depredation e.g. compensation for crop damage and artificial feeding stations to lure cranes away from fields. Education and information programmes for the public. Common cranes are legally protected across their range in Europe. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) has been adopted by all countries within the species’ range in Europe. is some interchange between West European and Baltic-Hungarian flyways, and further research is necessary on the Russian-Ukrainian flyway [1, 48] . Improved foraging conditions in western Europe, more effective protection of Common cranes and also milder winters drove the changes observed in migration and stopover patterns in the West European and Baltic-Hungarian flyways [6, 44] . Habitat restoration of bogs and fens has resulted in the return of Common cranes to parts of Germany, where old breeding sites are currently used on migration as stopover areas and as wintering areas by some birds, following cessation of peat production and flooding of moors [32, 33, 44] . Intensive agriculture has also had a resulted in enhanced food availability. For example, the expansion of maize cultivation in Germany encouraged migrating birds to stay longer at roosting areas [44] . The recovery and range expansion of Common cranes in Europe can be attributed to a great degree to the increased abundance of food that is provided by intensive agriculture [6, 13, 49, 50] . Milder winters have also benefitted the species, as the improved winter conditions allow the birds to migrate shorter distances and being breeding earlier, which in turn enables a second clutch to be produced should the first one fail [13, 44, 51, 52] . The increasing abundance of the Common crane and the increasing concentration of large flocks during migration, combined with the lack of natural wetland habitat, have resulted in the development of a conflict with agriculture, due to the damage that the birds cause to agricultural crops. Management of this conflict varies across the species range, and measures include compensation payments and diversionary feeding with artificial feeding stations [6 ] . Targeted management plans have been effective at mitigating the conflict with agriculture at some of the key staging sites in Europe, including in Sweden, Estonia, Germany, France and Spain [6, 48] . References 1. Meine, C. & Archibald, G.W. 1996. Ecology, status, and conservation. In D.H. Ellis, G.F. Gee & C.M. Mirande (eds). Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry, and Conservation: 263–292. Washington, DC and Baraboo: Department of the Interior, National Biological Service and International Crane Foundation. 2. Johnsgard, P.A. 1983. Cranes of the World. Beckenham: Groom Helm. 3. Nowald, G. & Mewes, W. 2013. The year of the crane (Grus grus) in Germany 2012. In G. Nowald, A. Kettner & J. Daebeler (eds). Journal der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kranichschutz Deutschland – Das Kranichjahr 2012/13: 8–9. Groß Mohrdorf: AG Kranichschutz Deutschland. Kranich-Informationszentrum. 4. BirdLife International. 2013. Species factsheet: Grus grus. Available from: http:// www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2794 [accessed on 28 August 2013]. 5. Meine, C. & Archibald, G.W. (eds) 1996. The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. 6. Prange, H. 2012. Manuscript about the Common (Eurasian) Crane to IUCN. European Crane Working Group. 7. Mewes, W. 1994. The increasing population of the Common Crane (Grus grus) in Germany and the causes behind this development. PhD Dissertation, Martin-Luther-Universität. 8. UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 2012. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) – Agreement Text and Action Plan (Version adopted by MOP5). Bonn: UNEP / AEWA Secretariat. 9. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed on 04 April 2013]. 10. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 11. BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in the European Union: A Status Assessment. Wageningen: BirdLife International. 12. Prange, H. 1995. Occurrence of cranes in Europe: evolution, protective measures, and future tasks. In H. Prange (ed.). Crane Research and Protection in Europe: 393–415. Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität. 13. Harris, J. 2012. Introduction: cranes, agriculture and climate change. In J. Harris (ed.). Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use: 1–14. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 14. Prieta, J. & Del Moral, J.C. 2008. La Grulla Común Invernante en España. Población en 2007 y Método de Censo. Madrid: SEO/ BirdLife. 15. Ilyashenko, E. & Markin, Y. 2013. Results of questionnaires of 1982 and 2007 on the Eurasian Crane staging areas in the European part of Russia. In G. Nowald, A. Weber, J. Fanke, E. Weinhardt & N. Donner (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth European Crane Conference: Breeding, Resting, Migration and Biology: 165–173. Groß Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany. 16. Prange, H. 2010. Migration and resting of the Common Crane Grus grus and changes in four decades. Vogelwelt 131: 155–167. 17. Guzmán, J.M.S., Avilès, J.M., Medina, F.J. & Sánchez, A. 1998. Status and trends of the Common Crane Grus grus on the western route. Bird Conservation International 8: 269–279. 18. Deschatres, A. & Le Roy, E. 2010. La Grue Cendrée en France: Migrations et Hivernage – Saison 2009–2010. Outines: LPO Champagne-Ardenne. 19. PECBMS. 2013. Trends of Common Birds in Europe, 2013 Update. Available from: http:// 258
www.ebcc.info/pecbm.html [accessed on 15 August 2013]. 20. Tofft, J. 2013. Current status of the Common Crane (Grus grus) in Denmark. In G. Nowald, A. Weber, J. Fanke, E. Weinhardt & N. Donner (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth European Crane Conference: Breeding, Resting, Migration and Biology: 19–21. Groß Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany. 21. Salvi, A. 2013. Eurasian Crane Grus grus study in France over the last 30 years: a review. In G. Nowald, A. Weber, J. Fanke, E. Weinhardt & N. Donner (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth European Crane Conference: Breeding, Resting, Migration and Biology: 30–37. Groß Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany. 22. Kerus, V. 2013. in litt. 23. Kuczyński, L. & Chylarecki, P. 2012. Atlas Pospolitych Ptaków Lęgowych Polski. Rozmieszczenie, Wybiórczość Siedliskowa, Trendy. Warszawa: GIOŚ. 24. Štátna Ochrana Prírody Slovenskej Republiky. 2013. Vyhodnotenie Stavu Populacie, Trendov. Banská Bystrica: Štátna Ochrana Prírody Slovenskej Republiky. 25. Lundgren, S. 2013. Current status of Eurasian Cranes in Sweden: breeding, resting and colour banding. In G. Nowald, A. Weber, J. Fanke, E. Weinhardt & N. Donner (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth European Crane Conference: Breeding, Resting, Migration and Biology: 16–18. Groß Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany. 26. Фесенко, Г.В. 2009. Жу равель сірий – Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758). In I.A. Акімова (ed.). Червона книга України [Red Book of Ukraine]: 442. Kiev: Глобалконсалтинг. 27. Prowse, S.R. 2013. Cranes in the UK: past, present and future. In G. Nowald, A. Weber, J. Fanke, E. Weinhardt & N. Donner (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth European Crane Conference: Breeding, Resting, Migration and Biology: 57–59. Groß Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany. 28. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. New York: Nelson. 29. Hagermeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 30. AEWA. Undated. Common Crane Grus grus [Poster]. 31. RSPB. 2013. The Great Crane Project. Available from: http://www.rspb.org.uk/ supporting/campaigns/greatcraneproject/ project.aspx [accessed on 28 August 2013]. 32. Lehn, K. 2013. Numbers and distribution of Common Cranes Grus grus at stopover sites in Lower Saxony. In G. Nowald, A. Weber, J. Fanke, E. Weinhardt & N. Donner (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth European Crane Conference: Breeding, Resting, Migration and Biology: 92–95. Groß Mohrdorf: Crane Conservation Germany. 33. Hansbauer, M.M. 2012. The return of teh Eurasian Crane to its former breeding grounds in southern Germany. In J. Harris (ed.). Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use: 144. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 34. Mewes, W. 1996. Zur Überwinterung des Kranichs in Ostdeutschland. Vogelwelt 117: 139–144. 35. Harris, J. (ed.) 2012. Cranes, Agriculture, and Climate Change: Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 36. Alonso, J.C., Alonso, J.A. & Muñoz-Pulido, R. 1994. Mitigation of bird collisions with transmission lines through groundwire marking. Biological Conservation 67: 129–134. 37. European Commission. 1995. Commission’s communication to the Council and the Parliament: wise use and conservation of wetlands. Brussels: European Commission. 38. Priklonski, S. & Markin, Y. 1982. The number and fluctuation of the Common Crane in the center of European Russia over a twenty-year period. In I.A. Neufeldt (ed.). Cranes in the USSR: 84–88. Leningrad: Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 39. Alonso, J.A. & Alonso, J.C. (eds) 1990. Distribución y Demografia de la Grulla Común (Grus grus) en España. Madrid: ICONA-CSIC. 40. Alonso, J.C., Veiga, J.P. & Alonso, J.A. 1987. Possible effects of recent agricultural development on the wintering and migrating patterns of Grus grus in Iberia: a study of winter ecology in a suitable locality. In J.C. Lewis (ed.). International Crane Workshop: proceedings of the 1983 International Crane Workshop, Bharatpur, India, February 1983: 277–299. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 41. Sànchez Guzmán, J.M., Sànchez García, A., Fernàndez García, A. & Muñoz del Viejo, A. 1993. La Grulla Común (Grus grus) en Extremadura. Status y Relación con el Uso del Suelo. Badajoz: Universìdad de Extremadura. 42. Almeida, J. 1995. Situation and conservation perspectives of the Common Crane in Portugal. In H. Prange (ed.). Crane Research and Protection in Europe: 430–436. Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität. 43. Ilyashenko, E. & Markin, Y. 2010. Changing of the Eurasian Crane staging area distribution in the European part of Russia from 1982 to 2007. In J. Harris (ed.). Proceedings of the Cranes, Agriculture, and Climate Change Workshop at Muraviovka Park. Russia, 28 May–3 June 2010: 89–100. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 44. Prange, H. 2012. Reasons for changes in crane migration patterns along the West-European flyway. In J. Harris (ed.). Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use: 35–48. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 45. Alonso, J.C., Alonso, J.A., Muñoz-Pulido, R. & Bautista, L.M. 1991. Report on crane research and conservation in Spain. Circular Letter of the ECWG 13: 2–24. 46. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status. Cambridge: BirdLife International. 47. The Telegraph. 2013. Common cranes build first nests in England for centuries. 03 April 2013. Available from http://www.telegraph. co.uk/earth/environment/9969217/ Common-cranes-build-first-nests-in-England-for-centuries.html [accessed on 30 August 2013]. 48. Prange, H. 2015 (in press). Der Graue Kranich – eine Monographie. Halle /Saale. 49. Salvi, A. 2012. Eurasian Crane (Grus grus) and agriculture in France. In J. Harris (ed.). Cranes, Agriculture, and Climate Change: Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 50. Nowald, G., Donner, N. & Modrow, M. 2012. Influence of climate change on the wintering site selection of Eurasian Cranes. In J. Harris (ed.). Cranes, Agriculture, and Climate Change: Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use: 55–59. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 51. Mewes, W. & Rauch, M. 2012. Influence of Climate Change on the Beginning of Breeding of Eurasian Cranes in Germany. In J. Harris (ed.). Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use: 53–54. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. 52. Salvi, A. 2012. Eurasian Crane (Grus grus) and climate change in France. In J. Harris (ed.). Proceedings of a workshop organized by the International Crane Foundation and Muraviovka Park for Sustainable Land Use: 71–77. Baraboo: International Crane Foundation. Peer reviewers • Günter Nowald • Hartwig Prange 259
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Stefanie Deinet Christina Ieronymid
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Wildlife comeback in Europe The rec
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Table of contents Foreword . . . .
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Foreword Shifting baselines In Euro
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The Adriatic coastline of the Veleb
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96 year old olive farmer with his d
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12
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Limitations of population trend dat
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Constructing historical distributio
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Red deer at the Oostvaardersplassen
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Table 2. Definitions of classificat
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22
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3.1. European bison Bison bonasus S
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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Figure 1c. Map highlighting areas o
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Rank Reason for change Description
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3.2. Alpine ibex Capra ibex Summary
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Alpine i
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% change 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig
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3.3. Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica S
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Iberian
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3.4. Southern chamois Rupicapra pyr
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Southern
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3.5. Northern chamois Rupicapra rup
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Scale Status Population trend Justi
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% change 80 60 40 20 0 and Italy [2
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Subspecies balcanica Exploitation B
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3.6. Eurasian elk Alces alces Summa
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Eurasian
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Poland [10] and Estonia [28] . It i
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References 1. Geist, V. 1998. Deer
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3.7. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus S
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Estimate Year assessed Reference Gl
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Figure 2. Change in Roe deer popula
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Recent developments As discussed ab
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3.8. Red deer Cervus elaphus Summar
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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lineages for the local area and min
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3.9. Wild boar Sus scrofa Summary T
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Abundance and distribution: changes
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References 1. IUCN 2011a. The IUCN
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3.10. Golden jackal Canis aureus Su
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Recent developments Table 3. Major
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3.11. Grey wolf Canis lupus Summary
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Drivers of recovery Figure 2. Distr
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References 1. Mech, L.D. & Boitani,
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3.12. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Summa
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% change 750 600 450 300 150 0 Figu
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.13. Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus Su
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Figure 1a. Distribution of the Iber
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Table 3. Major reasons for positive
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18. IUCN 2011b. European Red List.
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3.14. Wolverine Gulo gulo Summary T
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Figure 1a. Distribution of Wolverin
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3.15. Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
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Estimate assessed Reference Global
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% change 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 Fi
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3.16. Harbour seal Phoca vitulina S
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east coast, the distribution is res
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% change 200 150 100 50 0 populatio
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Figure 3. Map of recent development
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3.17. Brown bear Ursus arctos Summa
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Table 2. Latest population estimate
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144
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Recent developments % change 200 15
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mation, e.g. between Slovenia and C
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3.18. Eurasian beaver Castor fiber
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% change 20,000 16,000 12,000 200 1
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Table 3. Major reasons for change i
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4.1. Pink-footed goose Anser brachy
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Table 2. Major threats that drove P
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4.2. Barnacle goose Branta leucopsi
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Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
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Table 3. Conservation actions in pl
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4.3. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus Sum
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Threat Description Impact Hunting a
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4.4. White-headed duck Oxyura leuco
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No. of individuals 5000 4500 4000 3
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educing the population in the count
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4.5. White stork Ciconia ciconia Su
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Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Action Description Impact Monitorin
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4.6. Eurasian spoonbill Platalea le
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Country No. of breeding pairs No. o
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Threat Description Impact Residenti
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4.7. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus cr
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Table 3 Major threats that drove th
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4.8. Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni
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Figure 2. Current distribution of L
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Action Description Impact Livelihoo
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4.9. Saker falcon Falco cherrug Sum
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Table 2. Latest Saker falcon popula
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Page 214 and 215: No. of breeding pairs 1,600 1,200 8
Page 216 and 217: Action Description Impact Legislati
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Page 220 and 221: Country No. of breeding pairs Trend
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Page 228 and 229: References 1. Bijleveld, M. 1974 Bi
Page 230 and 231: 4.13. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barb
Page 232 and 233: Figure 2. Current distribution of B
Page 234 and 235: 4.14. Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus S
Page 236 and 237: Figure 2. Current distribution of G
Page 238 and 239: Action Description Impact Monitorin
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Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Current distribution of C
Page 244 and 245: 4.16. Spanish imperial eagle Aquila
Page 246 and 247: Threat Description Impact Transport
Page 248 and 249: Drivers of recovery The spectacular
Page 250 and 251: 4.17. Eastern imperial eagle Aquila
Page 252 and 253: Figure 2. Current distribution of E
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Page 256 and 257: 4.18. Common crane Grus grus Summar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2. Current breeding and wint
Page 262 and 263: 4.19. Roseate tern Sterna dougallii
Page 264 and 265: Threat Description Impact Human int
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Page 268 and 269: 337,539 2,000 20,000 >163,750 % abu
Page 270 and 271: 1950s 1980s Present 50km grid Speci
Page 272 and 273: No. of species 1 2 3 4 5 6 > 6 No.
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Page 276 and 277: A Range change B Range change C Ran
Page 278 and 279: Reason for positive change Species
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Page 284 and 285: The comeback of large and charismat
Page 286 and 287: A safari group in the Velebit mount
Page 288 and 289: The view from a bear watching hide
Page 290 and 291: species [44] [45] and if animals be
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Page 294 and 295: Box 1. Return and urbanization of w
Page 296 and 297: Table 1. Livestock damage by mammal
Page 298 and 299: key tool for wildlife population in
Page 300 and 301: Some of the over 500,000 visitors a
Page 302 and 303: Box 2. The native versus alien spec
Page 304 and 305: References 1. Navarro, L.M. and H.M
Page 306 and 307: 113. Potena, G., et al., Brown Bear
Page 308 and 309: Appendix 1. Sources of distribution
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Acknowledgements This study on wild
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