Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 and liquid hydrogen production options for a variety of pathways, assuming the baseline gasoline and HCV efficiencies shown in Table 2.8. Figure 2.3 Life-Cycle GHG Emissions for Gaseous Hydrogen Fuel Cell versus Gasoline Vehicle 2-52 Percent Change Relative to Conv Gas LDV 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% Central GH2, Natural Gas Central GH2, Nuclear TCWC Central GH2, Electrolysis (Nuclear) Central GH2, Coal without C Capture Central GH2, Coal with C Capture Central GH2, Biomass (Herb) 2010, 55 mpgge (DOE H2 Program) 2020, 65 mpgge (DOE H2 Program) Distribution GH2, Natural Gas Distribution GH2, Electrolysis (Grid) Figure 2.4 Life-Cycle GHG Emissions for Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Cell versus Gasoline Vehicle Percent Change Relative to Conv Gas LDV 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% Central LH2, Natural Gas Central LH2, Nuclear TCWC Central LH2, Electrolysis (Nuclear) Central LH2, Coal without C Capture Central LH2, Coal with C Capture Central LH2, Biomass (Herb) 2010, 55 mpgge (DOE H2 Program) 2020, 65 mpgge (DOE H2 Program) Distribution LH2, Natural Gas Distribution LH2, Electrolysis (Grid)
Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 Table 2.8 Conventional Vehicle and HFCV Fuel Efficiencies by Time Period (Gasoline-Equivalent MPG) Vehicle Technology 2010 2020 Conventional Gasoline (AEO) a 22 27 HFCV (DOE) 55 b 65 c a Average of in-use estimates for cars and light trucks for new vehicle sales (Table 61). b GREET assumption that HFCV mpg is 230 percent of gge in the near–term scenario. c DOE Hydrogen Program 2009. Several conclusions can be drawn from these figures. First, the efficiency advances in both conventional vehicles and HFCVs tend to minimize the relative differences between the different technologies across time periods. The figures also show that reliance upon gridaverage electricity for electrolysis is highly inefficient, generating substantial increases in GHG emissions relative to conventional gasoline vehicles. However, utilizing nuclear (or equivalently, renewable such as wind or solar) energy for electrolysis can almost eliminate GHG emissions. 26 Biomass feedstock and centralized coal with CCS (for gaseous hydrogen) display potential reductions almost as large. However, each of these options is either limited in availability (e.g., nuclear and renewable electricity) or as yet unproven (e.g., coal with CCS – which is also a concern for PHEVs and BEVs). Finally, if liquid hydrogen is used, liquefaction technologies performed to facilitate transportation and/or increase vehicle storage and range, entails substantial efficiency and GHG penalties for the nonrenewable (and nonnuclear) pathways. Nevertheless, hydrogen production using currently available centralized or distributed natural gas reforming still offer sizeable GHG reduction potentials. The life-cycle approach adopted for this analysis only includes direct GWPs; hydrogen also has some indirect GWP. 27 Market Penetration While the per-vehicle GHG reduction potential of FCVs can be sizable depending upon the production pathway, obtaining significant GHG reductions for the transportation sector as a whole will entail deployment of millions of FCVs across the country. The 2009 AEO 26 Emissions associated with power plant construction and maintenance are not included in the GREET estimates. 27 Hydrogen gas is believed to have an indirect GWP of 5.8, contributing to increased ozone levels and methane enhancement in the troposphere (IPCC, no date). To the extent that HFCV use leads to fugitive hydrogen emissions associated with production, storage and/or distribution, some amount of GHG enhancement may be expected. 2-53
Page 7:
Acknowledgments Transportation's Ro
Page 11:
Table of Contents Transportation's
Page 15:
List of Figures Transportation's Ro
Page 18 and 19:
Transportation's Role in Reducing U
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 29 and 30:
1.0 Introduction Transportation's R
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Induced Travel Demand Transportatio
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
3.11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Transporta
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 3.5 Findings by Strategy: Sys
Page 95:
Strategy Name Travel Activity Commu
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 143 and 144:
6.0 Conclusion Transportation's Rol
Page 146:
Printed on paper containing recycle
Page 149 and 150:
Transportation’s Role in Reducing
Page 151 and 152:
1.0 Introduction Transportation’s
Page 153 and 154: 2.0 Low-Carbon Fuels Table of Conte
Page 155 and 156: List of Tables Transportation’s R
Page 157 and 158: � 2.1 Summary Overview of Low-Car
Page 159 and 160: Transportation’s Role in Reducing
Page 173 and 174: Effects on Infrastructure Funding T
Page 177 and 178: Tax and tariff policy also can affe
Page 181 and 182: In 2006, approximately 43,000 mediu
Page 183 and 184: Market Penetration Transportation
Page 189 and 190: � 2.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP
Page 203: Transportation’s Role in Reducing
Page 215 and 216: Development of a Hydrogen Infrastru
Page 217 and 218: � 2.9 Electricity Overview Many o
Page 227 and 228: Feasibility Transportation’s Role
Page 229 and 230: � 2.10 References Transportation
Page 241 and 242: Transportations Role in Reducing U.
Page 255 and 256:
Transportations Role in Reducing U.
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Component Shares in Total Price Tra
Page 605:
show all

Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?