Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 1
Table 3.6 Findings by Strategy: Reduce Carbon-Intensive Travel Activity
Strategy Name
Travel Activity
Pricing
3-36
Key Deployment Assumptions Transportation Sector
Effectiveness
Percent Reduction in 2030
VMT Fees VMT fee of 2 to 5 cents per mile 0.8-2.3% On-road
vehicles
Intercity Tolls Toll of 2 to 5 cents per mile on
rural Interstate highways
Pay-as-You-Drive
Insurance
Congestion
Pricing
Require states to permit PAYD
insurance (low)/Require
companies to offer (high)
Maintain level of service D on all
roads (average fee of 65 cents/
mile applied to 29 percent of
urban and 7 percent of rural
VMT)
Cordon Pricing Cordon charge on all U.S. metro
area CBDs (average fee of 65
cents/mile)
Alternative Modes
Transit Expansion, 2.4-4.6% annual increase in
Promotion, and service; increased load factors
Service
Improvements
Intercity Intercity rail 20 percent higher
Passenger Bus and ridership/service increase than
Rail
baseline; 11 new HSR corridors;
Intercity bus 3 percent annual
increase
Non-motorized
Transportation
Land Use and Parking
Comprehensive urban pedestrian
and bicycle improvements
implemented 2010 to 2025
Land Use 60-90% of new urban growth in
compact, walkable neighborhoods
(4,000+ persons/sq mi or 5+ gross
units/acre)
Parking
Management
Commute Travel Reduction
Demand
Management/
All downtown workers pay for
parking ($5/day average for those
not already paying)
Widespread employer outreach
and alternative mode support
Relevant Subsector(s)
0.1% On-road
vehicles
Reduction for
Subsector
Absolute GHG Reduction
in 2030 (mmt CO2e/year)
Timing
of
Benefits
Cost Effectiveness
($/tonne CO2e)
Direct
Implem
entation
Costs
Only
Net
Included
Costs a
1.1-3.1% 17-50 Short $20-$280 ($650)-
($910)
0.1-0.2% 1-3 Short $500-$800 $50-($630)
1.1-3.5% LDV 1.4-4.7% 23-75 Short $30-$90 ($960)
0.4-1.6% On-road
vehicles
0.1% On-road
vehicles
0.3-0.8%
(2030)
0.4-1.5%
(2050)
LDV 0.6-1.7%
(2030)
0.8-3.0%
(2050)
0.6-2.2% 19-43 Short $300-$500 ($440)-
($570)
0.1-0.2% 2-3 Short $500-$700 ($530)-
($640)
6-18
(2030)
9-32
(2050)
Mid $1,200-
$3,000
0.0-0.3% LDV 0.1-0.6% 1-6 Mid $400-
$1,400
($900)-
$1,000
($600)-
$1,000
0.2-0.6% LDV 0.4-1.1% 4-12 Mid $80-$210 ($600)-
($700)
1.2-3.9%
(2030)
2.5-7.7%
(2050)
LDV 2.5-7.8%
(2030)
5.0-16%
(2050)
27-84
(2030)
56-170
(2050)
Long $10 ($700)-
($800)
0.2% LDV 0.3% 3-4 Mid n/a n/a
0.1-0.6% LDV 0.2-1.1% 6-14 Short $30-$180 ($1,000)