Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

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Transportations Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 to retrofit solar wings to a tanker ship and a bulk carrier (Figure 3.13) to evaluate the potential fuel savings associated with these technologies (Macdonald-Smith, 2008; Transportation and Logistics News, 2008; SolarSailor, 2008). Magnitude and Timing of GHG Reduction Solar powered systems, such as that used by Toyota, can provide energy for the demand for electricity to provide lighting for navigation purposes and for quarters, other navigational devices such as radar, weather tracking systems and smaller cargo handling equipment. Such systems have been shown by Toyota and Solar Sailor to reduce energy demand by 5 to 7 percent (NYK Line, 2009; Solarsailor, 2008). Use of wind power has proven to be even more significant, providing a fuel savings and GHG emissions reduction of 20 to 40 percent (reference). Both of these technologies are particularly applicable for larger vessels with extensive surface areas that are involved in long-distance trade. Cost-Effectiveness There is limited cost data available for these emerging technologies. Many are in their early stages of development and the costs associated with demonstration projects are considerably higher than anticipated future costs when these systems are fully commercialized. At this time, photovoltaic options are relatively expensive, due primarily to the cost of photovoltaic panels, which currently are not cost-competitive for electricity generation in most applications. The system used in the Toyota auto carrier cost $1.4 million to develop and install (NYK Line, 2009). Cobenefits Minor environmental cobenefits may be realized from these strategies, as pollutant emissions should be reduced roughly in proportion to fuel consumption. Solar power may reduce emissions in ports even while the ship is not in transit, which may benefit air quality near the port. Wind power will provide benefits on the open ocean, and therefore the air quality benefits for human population exposure are not likely to be significant. Feasibility Though wind and solar powered systems have been in existence for a while (particularly, vessels equipped with sails) their application on large modern vessels should be considered innovative, requiring additional research and development before commercialization can occur. Investments associated with solar and windpower technologies are particularly attractive as many of these options can be applied as retrofits to existing vessels. At this time, the most significant barrier to implementation is the high capital costs. International R&D initiatives may be needed to reduce capital cost for these technology options, especially windpower. Reductions in solar photovoltaic technology costs are likely to be driven by forces in the broader electricity generation sector, rather 3-107
Transportations Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 than marine-specific initiatives. Increased fuel costs over time should provide greater incentives for the introduction of these technologies. 3-108
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Acknowledgments Transportation's Ro
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Table of Contents Transportation's
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List of Figures Transportation's Ro
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Transportation's Role in Reducing U
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1.0 Introduction Transportation's R
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Induced Travel Demand Transportatio
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3.11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Transporta
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Table 3.5 Findings by Strategy: Sys
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Strategy Name Travel Activity Commu
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6.0 Conclusion Transportation's Rol
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Printed on paper containing recycle
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Transportation’s Role in Reducing
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1.0 Introduction Transportation’s
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2.0 Low-Carbon Fuels Table of Conte
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List of Tables Transportation’s R
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� 2.1 Summary Overview of Low-Car
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Effects on Infrastructure Funding T
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Tax and tariff policy also can affe
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In 2006, approximately 43,000 mediu
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Market Penetration Transportation
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� 2.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP
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Development of a Hydrogen Infrastru
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� 2.9 Electricity Overview Many o
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Feasibility Transportation’s Role
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� 2.10 References Transportation
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Transportations Role in Reducing U.
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Component Shares in Total Price Tra
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