Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

Transportations Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2
3.0 Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
Table of Contents
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... 3-3
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 3-5
Summary of Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 3-6
Policy Implications...................................................................................................................... 3-11
Summary Evaluation .................................................................................................................. 3-15
Cobenefits and Implications for Other Key Transportation Goals and Objectives................ 3-18
Effects on Infrastructure Funding .............................................................................................. 3-19
3.2 On-Road Light-Duty Vehicles ................................................................................................ 3-20
Trends in Light-Duty Vehicle Use and Efficiency .................................................................... 3-21
Methodological Issues ................................................................................................................ 3-24
Advanced Conventional Gasoline Vehicles .............................................................................. 3-24
Enhanced Diesel Vehicles ........................................................................................................... 3-35
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ............................................................................................................. 3-40
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles................................................................................................ 3-44
3.3 On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Trucks ............................................................................... 3-56
Resistance and Weight Reduction Strategies ............................................................................ 3-61
Heavy-Duty Engine/Powertrain Measures and Integrated Strategies .................................. 3-72
3.4 Transit Buses ............................................................................................................................ 3-83
3.5 Railroad Technologies ............................................................................................................. 3-87
Power System Modifications...................................................................................................... 3-88
Other Rail Fuel Economy Strategies .......................................................................................... 3-93
3.6 Marine Vessel Technologies ................................................................................................... 3-96
Improvements in Ship Design ................................................................................................... 3-97
Propulsion System Improvements .......................................................................................... 3-101
Enhanced Propeller Design ...................................................................................................... 3-104
Future Technologies ................................................................................................................. 3-106
3-1